• Source: Domain (novel)

      • Domain (1984) is a horror novel by British writer James Herbert. The third and final novel of Herbert's Rats trilogy, it tells the story of how the rats have not only survived but begin to take over London from humanity in the aftermath of a nuclear strike.


      Background


      Herbert's Rats trilogy was based in part on his own experiences in growing up among the Blitz-damaged areas of Whitechapel and Bethnal Green, east London, which were a haven for rats, and as a young adult he saw Todd Browning's 1931 Dracula, where the rat-infestation scene made a great impact on him; he was later to claim that he conceived the idea after watching it.


      Plot


      The book is divided into three sections: 'Advent', 'Aftermath' and 'Domain'.

      A prologue describes rats living underground, listening to the nuclear attack—thought to have been a culmination of Middle Eastern geopolitical tensions—that devastates London. 'Advent' starts above ground. The book's protagonist, ex-pilot Mike Culver, attempts to escape with other people, but encounters Alex Dealey, a civil servant who has been temporarily blinded by the blasts. Dealey explains to Culver that he can save his life, if he follows directions. Culver manages to get them top the Chancery Lane bunker, but has to ignore all the people left above who will soon get caught in the fallout.
      In the bunker, Culver meets Kate, and they develop feelings for each other. The second section, 'Aftermath', begins with a group of men from the bunker going above ground on a foraging mission. They eventually find their way to the main government bunker on the Thames Embankment, only to discover that the rats have already killed its inhabitants, including senior members of the government. Culver's party, now reduced in number, discover the rat nest, and the centre of which, directing he other rats, was a two-headed, sentient queen. she had given birth and the foetuses were similar to a human embryo.
      The book ends with Culver, Dealey and the survivors being rescued by helicopter. They discover that it was China that launched the attack and was subsequently flattened; more people escaped London that was expected and while martial law now reigned a coalition government was about to be formed and society rebuilt.


      Themes and analysis



      It is the third and last of Herbert's Rats trilogy, beginning in 1974 with The Rats, and followed five years later by Lair. Herbert noted that in Domain, the "horror continued—it was never truly beaten. Just as a real-life horror and evil are a continuum." However, in the last of the trilogy the nuclear holocaust is as much an influence on the story as the rats themselves, or as Herbert put it, "the rats are just an added ingredient, to give the book an extra dimension". Winter—writing soon after Domain's publication—saw this as indicating Herbert's "ever-growing ambition". Campbell has argued that the dystopian landscape is the book's major nexus, and makes Domain one of Herbert's "bleakest books, relieved only by irony and the occasional sense of the nightmarishly absurd". Campbell has also described the book as "only nominally a novel about the rats", and that its main message is a warning of the potential future.
      Critics have noted that Herbert's early novels were often rooted in contemporaneous social politics. In The Fog, for example, the real enemy is not the escaped gas, or science, but the Ministry of Defence (MOD), the "great, faceless they". and, likewise, in Domain, the rats—by now even closer, descriptively, to humanity—represent the British establishment under Margaret Thatcher. Herbert compared his position to that of condemning the government that sends soldiers to war, while sympathising with the soldier himself. Herbert later expanded on this philosophy in his Authorised Biography, explaining that, while The Rats was "a critique of our governing bodies, who have successfully allowed our inner cities to rot", Domain not only validated that hypothesis but suggested that members of the governing bodies that created and allowed the creatures to exist would one day be devoured by their own creation. The critic Douglas E. Winter has suggested the rats can also be seen as symbolic of London's urban decay. The rats are not a natural phenomena, their mutation having been triggered by nuclear testing off Papua New Guinea.
      Stylistically, the literary critic Ramsey Campbell has suggested that Domain is exemplar of Herbert's ability to write intimate scenes which are as horrific as some of the broader set pieces. For example, he compares the mass destruction in the opening scenes of The Fog to Domains "drowning man dragged back from the relief of death to the devastated world". In a similar vein, Herbert told the writer Neil Gaiman that he "love[d] to do the big blockbuster type" such as Domain, as an opportunity for "all hell break[ing] loose, murder, mayhem, the whole bit", as well as the opportunity for intimate vignettes—in Domain, "especially bleak"—against the backdrop of broad events. These vignettes—sometimes almost short stories in themselves—highlight the hopelessness of the individual's situation: a greedy garage owner who delays finding shelter in order to collect his takings; a prostitute in the Park Lane Hilton who gets fused to a windowpane; a woman who fights off a rapist in the Royal Festival Hall; a deranged woman who props her decaying family up at the breakfast table and puts mouldy cornflakes before them; the insurance agent who suffocates in his shelter. In the longer term, however, Domain also suggests that humanity can still overcome the worst that is thrown at it. Although the rats are suggested to be no worse than mankind itself―indeed, Herbert's mankind has been called "essentially human animals"—sufficient goodness remains in the former to value. This, argues Michael A. Morrison, demonstrates Domain's "conservative, essentially Christian theology, based on original sin and universal guilt". Yet no one, he argues, is innocent in Domain; the survivors are aware that they must bear the collective responsibility of mankind for the war, however they might blame governments. This is epitomized by Culver, who at one point goes mad, having

      Witnessed the stark face of ultimate evil, the carnage of man's own sickness! The destructive force that was centuries old and inherent in every man, woman, and child! God forgive us all ... He closed his eyes and fought back the rage, the screaming despair.

      To Adrian Cole, Domain shows Herbert's increasing maturity as a writer: "Put crudely, The Rats was written principally from the guts and from the balls, whereas ... in particular Domain [is] written as much from the heart and the head". Morrison suggests that while its two rat-revelling predecessors were effectively pulp fiction, the final work possessed more nuanced social criticism. This maturity is also reflected, Cole suggests, in the depiction of Culver and Kate's burgeoning relationship; while his earlier attempts at writing such narratives were often "idealised ... or chauvinist", in Domain it "forms a solid backbone" for the action, without becoming self-indulgent. The relationship rounds out the characters and increases the reader's identification with them, and with this increases the reader's fears as to the characters' survival.
      The rats becoming a superior rats from a previous role as secondary species, as the previous books had shown, thematically harked back to such films as Planet of the Apes, the rat packs of H. P. Lovecraft or the mutations of H. G. Wells's The Food of the Gods. Likewise, the conversations the bunker staff have among themselves regarding rebuilding society are similar to those of John Wyndham's survivors in The Day of the Triffids.
      The MOD nuclear shelters in the London Underground network were based on an existing construction around the tunnels between High Holborn and Chancery Lane, with an entrance on Furnival Street. The journalist Maev Kennedy, writing in The Guardian, reported that "In the 1980s the novelist James Herbert pleaded to be allowed in but was turned down flat". Herbert said he had written to the then-owners, British Telecom, and asked them "I knew where it was, behind a brick wall with barbed wire on the top with observation cameras. It's meant to be just a telephone exchange and it has all this security?"
      In Herbert's final chapter of the rats' development, they have become a hybrid of the two species. Although Herbert has stated that it is not a rats novel, saying "I would like to write the novel of The City ... after Domain there was so much research left over, I could write another rats novel". The visceral visual imagery of Domain has been considered to have been "well served" by The City's graphic novel medium.


      Publication


      Domain was first published by the New English Library in 1984 priced at £8.95 (equivalent to £36 in 2023). This was followed the following year with a print run of 400,000 books at £2.50 (equivalent to £10 in 2023). The first US edition came out the same year, retailing at $3.50 (equivalent to $10 in 2023), published by New American Library. The first foreign language edition was in German, published by Heyne in 1987, and selling for DM9.80 (equivalent to DM9 in 2021). Domain was released in an abridged version as an audio tape for the blind in 1987, read by Christopher Lee.
      The original US edition lacks several of Herbert's vignettes (Campbell speculates that they may have been "too uncomfortable" for the editor). As a result, some of them have been published there as discrete stories. One—the deranged woman serving breakfast—was published in Graham Masterton's Scare Care in 1989, with proceeds going to charities dealing with child abuse. Another, "Morris and Mog"—the story of the man who suffocates in his fallout shelter—was published in the anthology Masques II edited by J. N. Williamson in 1987.


      Notes




      References




      = Bibliography

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