- Source: Eastern culture
Eastern culture, also known as Eastern civilization and historically as Oriental culture, is an umbrella term for the diverse cultural heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Eastern world.
While there is no singular and catch-all "Eastern culture", there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as syncretism within these regions. These include the spread of Eastern religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism, the usage of Chinese characters or Brahmic scripts, language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others.
Terminology
The East, as a geographical area, is unclear and undefined. More often, the ideology of a state's inhabitants is what will be used to categorize it as an Eastern society. There is some disagreement about what nations should or should not be included in the category and at what times. Many parts of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire are considered to be distinct from the West and therefore labelled as eastern by most scholars. The Byzantine Empire was primarily influenced by Eastern practices due to its proximity and cultural similarity to Iran and Arabia, thus lacking features seen as "Western". Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium as a body of religious, political, and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West.
It is difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Globalism has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Eastern culture. Stereotypical views of "the East" have been labeled Orientalism, paralleling Occidentalism—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the West".
As Europeans discovered the wider world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient ("the East") became the Near East as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time in the 19th century. Thus, the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the Far East while the troubles surrounding the decline of the Ottoman Empire simultaneously occurred in the Near East. The term Middle East in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the Ottoman Empire, but West of China—Greater India and Greater Persia—is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages.
Traditions
While there is no singular Eastern culture of the Eastern world, there are subgroups within it, such as countries within East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, as well as syncretism within these regions. These include the spread of Eastern religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism, the usage of Chinese characters or Brahmic scripts, language families, the fusion of cuisines, and traditions, among others. Eastern culture has developed many themes and traditions. Some important ones are listed below:
= Religion
=Eastern religions (see also Eastern philosophy)
Taoic religions (a.k.a. East Asian religions)
Chinese folk religion – a general term covering a range of traditional religious practices of Han Chinese, including the Chinese diaspora.
Confucianism – a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China that developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
Taoism – an ancient Chinese school of philosophical thought and religion that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao Te Ching, a book containing teachings attributed to Laozi, together with the later writings of Zhuangzi, are both widely considered the keystone works of Taoism.
Shinto – an ancient religion that originated in Japan. Its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion.
Korean shamanism – an animistic ethnic religion of Korea dating back to prehistory and consists of the worship of gods and ancestors as well as nature spirits.
Manchu shamanism – an animistic and polytheistic religion practiced by most of the Manchu people, believing in several gods and spirits, led by a universal sky god who is the source of all life and creation.
Tengrism – an ancient ethnic and state Turko-Mongolic religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on folk shamanism, animism and generally centered around the titular sky god Tengri.
Mongolian shamanism – the animistic and shamanic ethnic religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas (including Buryatia and Inner Mongolia) at least since the age of recorded history.
Shamanism in Siberia – religio-cultural practices of shamanism followed by a large minority of people in Siberia, and regarded by some researchers as the heartland of shamanism.
Dharmic religions (a.k.a. Indian religions)
Hinduism – an ancient faith that evolved from the Vedic religion of North India.
Buddhism – an ancient religion and philosophical tradition based on a series of original teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.
Jainism – an ancient religion that traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), the last of whom was Mahāvīra.
Sikhism – a relatively new religion that developed in the warring plains of 15th-century Punjab in an atmosphere of ideological war between Islam and Hinduism. Its followers retain spiritual as well as martial qualities.
Zoroastrianism – the ancient monotheistic state religion of Sassanid Iran.
Abrahamic religions (see also religion in the Middle East)
Christianity – the majority of the modern world adheres to this faith, although it is no longer widely practiced in its native continent of Asia. Since the faith spread to Europe in antiquity, the notion of "Europe" and the "Western world" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and the Christian world". Many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. In Asia, Cyprus, Georgia, Armenia, Russia, the Philippines and East Timor are the only Christian-majority countries, though there are also minority Christian populations in the Levant, Anatolia, Fars, and Kerala that have preserved their ancient beliefs, adhering to Syriac Christianity (i.e. Assyrian and Maronite people), an Eastern Christian sect. Significant Christian communities are also found in Central Asia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam.
Islam – the majority of the world's Muslim population has always lived in Asia, due to Islam spreading and becoming the dominant religion of West Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.
Judaism – the ancient religion of the Israelites or Hebrews of the Fertile Crescent, who lived in what is now Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. They eventually evolved into the Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Mizrahi Jews and Samaritans of today.
Druze faith – an esoteric ethnoreligious group that resides primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
= Cinema
=East Asian cinema
Chinese cinema
Hong Kong cinema
Japanese cinema
Korean cinema
North Korean cinema
South Korean cinema
Mongolian cinema
Taiwanese cinema
Southeast Asian cinema
Burmese cinema
Cambodian cinema
Filipino cinema
Indonesian cinema
Laotian cinema
Malaysian cinema
Singaporean cinema
Thai cinema
Vietnamese cinema
South Asian cinema
Afghan cinema
Bangladeshi cinema
Bhutanese cinema
Indian cinema
Assamese cinema
Bengali cinema
Bhojpuri cinema
Chhattisgarhi cinema
Deccani cinema
Dogri cinema
Gujarati cinema
Haryanvi cinema
Hindi cinema
Kannada cinema
Kashmiri cinema
Konkani cinema
Malayalam cinema
Meitei cinema
Marathi cinema
Oriya cinema
Punjabi cinema
Rajasthani cinema
Sanskrit cinema
Tamil cinema
Telugu cinema
Tulu cinema
Pakistani cinema
Lollywood
Nepali cinema
Sri Lankan cinema
Central Asian cinema
Kazakh cinema
Kyrgyz cinema
Tajik cinema
Turkmen cinema
Uzbek cinema
West Asian cinema
Arab cinema
Armenian cinema
Azerbaijani cinema
Bahraini cinema
Cypriot cinema
Egyptian cinema
Emirati cinema
Georgian cinema
Iranian cinema
Iraqi cinema
Israeli cinema
Jewish cinema
Jordanian cinema
Kuwaiti cinema
Lebanese cinema
Omani cinema
Palestinian cinema
Qatari cinema
Saudi Arabian cinema
Syrian cinema
Turkish cinema
Yemeni cinema
North Asian cinema
Russian cinema
= Cuisine
=East Asian cuisine
Chinese cuisine
Anhui cuisine
Beijing cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese aristocrat cuisine
Chinese imperial cuisine
Chinese Islamic cuisine
Hakka cuisine
Henan cuisine
Hubei cuisine
Hunan cuisine
Guizhou cuisine
Jiangsu cuisine
Huaiyang cuisine
Jiangxi cuisine
Northeastern Chinese cuisine
Manchu cuisine
Jilin cuisine
Liaoning cuisine
Shaanxi cuisine
Shandong cuisine
Shanghai cuisine
Shanxi cuisine
Sichuan cuisine
Teochew cuisine
Tianjin cuisine
Tibetan cuisine
Uyghur cuisine
Yunnan cuisine
Zhejiang cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Ainu cuisine
Japanese regional cuisine
Okinawan cuisine
Nagoya cuisine
Korean cuisine
Korean regional cuisine
Korean royal court cuisine
Korean temple cuisine
North Korean cuisine
South Korean cuisine
Macanese cuisine
Mongolian cuisine
Taiwanese cuisine
Southeast Asian cuisine
Bruneian cuisine
Burmese cuisine
Cambodian cuisine
Christmas Island cuisine
East Timorese cuisine
Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia
Filipino cuisine
Indonesian cuisine
Acehnese cuisine
Arab Indonesian cuisine
Balinese cuisine
Banjar cuisine
Batak cuisine
Betawi cuisine
Chinese Indonesian cuisine
Indo cuisine
Indonesian Indian cuisine
Javanese cuisine
Madurese cuisine
Makassar cuisine
Minahasan cuisine
Padang cuisine
Palembang cuisine
Sundanese cuisine
Lao cuisine
Malay cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Malaysian Chinese cuisine
Malaysian Indian cuisine
Sabahan cuisine
Sarawakian cuisine
Peranakan cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Thai cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
South Asian cuisine
Afghan cuisine
Balochi cuisine
Bangladeshi cuisine
Bengali cuisine
Bhutanese cuisine
Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent
Hazara cuisine
Indian cuisine
Anglo-Indian cuisine
Arunachalese cuisine
Assamese cuisine
Bihari cuisine
Bhojpuri cuisine
Buddhist cuisine
Goan cuisine
Goan Catholic cuisine
Gujarati cuisine
Indian Chinese cuisine
Indian fast food
Jharkhandi cuisine
Maharashtrian cuisine
Malvani cuisine
Manipuri cuisine
Meghalayan cuisine
Mizo cuisine
Naga cuisine
North Indian cuisine
Kashmiri cuisine
Rajasthani cuisine
Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh
Awadhi cuisine
Cuisine of Uttarakhand
Kumaoni cuisine
Cuisine of Odisha
Sikkimese cuisine
South Indian cuisine
Chettinad cuisine
Karnataka cuisine
Mangalorean cuisine
Mangalorean Catholic cuisine
Kerala cuisine
Saraswat cuisine
Telangana cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine
Telugu cuisine
Udupi cuisine
Tripuri cuisine
Maithil cuisine
Maldivian cuisine
Mughlai cuisine
Nepalese cuisine
Pakistani cuisine
Lahori cuisine
Pakistani Chinese cuisine
Saraiki cuisine
Sindhi cuisine
Cuisine of Karachi
Parsi cuisine
Pashtun cuisine
Punjabi cuisine
Sri Lankan cuisine
Tamil cuisine
Central Asian cuisine
Bukharan Jewish cuisine
Kazakh cuisine
Koryo-saram cuisine
Kyrgyz cuisine
Tajik cuisine
Turkmen cuisine
Uzbek cuisine
West Asian cuisine
Arab cuisine
Armenian cuisine
Assyrian cuisine
Azerbaijani cuisine
Bahraini cuisine
Cypriot cuisine
Eastern Arabian cuisine
Egyptian cuisine
Emirati cuisine
Georgian cuisine
Iranian cuisine
Caspian cuisine
Iraqi cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Ancient Israelite cuisine
Jordanian cuisine
Kurdish cuisine
Kuwaiti cuisine
Lebanese cuisine
Levantine cuisine
Mizrahi Jewish cuisine
Omani cuisine
Ossetian cuisine
Palestinian cuisine
Qatari cuisine
Saudi Arabian cuisine
Syrian cuisine
Syrian Jewish cuisine
Turkish cuisine
Yemeni cuisine
North Asian cuisine
Russian cuisine
Buryat cuisine
Chukchi cuisine
Cuisine of Commander Islands
Sakha cuisine
Yamal cuisine
Yup'ik cuisine
= Cultures
=East Asian culture
Culture of China
Culture of Hong Kong
Culture of Macau
Culture of Mongolia
Culture of Japan
Culture of Korea
Culture of North Korea
Culture of South Korea
Culture of Taiwan
Southeast Asian culture
Culture of Brunei
Culture of Cambodia
Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Culture of East Timor
Culture of Indonesia
Culture of Malaysia
Culture of Myanmar
Culture of Laos
Culture of the Philippines
Culture of Singapore
Culture of Thailand
Culture of Vietnam
South Asian culture
Culture of Afghanistan
Culture of Bangladesh
Culture of Bhutan
Culture of India
Culture of the Maldives
Culture of Nepal
Culture of Pakistan
Culture of Sri Lanka
Central Asian culture
Culture of Kazakhstan
Culture of Kyrgyzstan
Culture of Tajikistan
Culture of Turkmenistan
Culture of Uzbekistan
West Asian culture
Arab culture
Culture of Abkhazia
Culture of Armenia
Culture of Artsakh
Assyrian culture
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of Bahrain
Culture of Eastern Arabia
Culture of Egypt
Culture of Georgia
Culture of Iraq
Culture of Iran
Culture of Israel
Jewish culture
Culture of Jordan
Culture of Kuwait
Culture of Lebanon
Culture of Northern Cyprus
Culture of Palestine
Culture of Qatar
Culture of Saudi Arabia
Culture of Syria
Culture of Turkey
Culture of the United Arab Emirates
Culture of Yemen
North Asian culture
Culture of Russia
= Medicine
=Oriental medicine
Ayurveda
Chinese medicine
Kampo
Traditional Korean medicine
Traditional Filipino medicine
Traditional Tibetan medicine
Traditional Vietnamese medicine
Gallery
See also
Eastern religions
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Notes
References
Bibliography
Berger, Mark T. (1997). "The triumph of the East? The East-Asian Miracle and post-Cold War capitalism". In Borer, Douglas A. (ed.). The rise of East Asia: critical visions of the Pacific century. Routledge. pp. 260–261, 266. ISBN 0-415-16168-1.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Asosiasi Arab Amerika New York
- Britania Raya
- Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
- Kleopatra
- Indonesia
- Prabowo Subianto
- Anunnaki
- Masjid Suleiman Istanbul
- Perang Dunia I
- Perang Dunia II
- Eastern culture
- Eastern Orthodox Church
- Eastern culture (disambiguation)
- Culture
- Western culture
- Culture of Eastern Arabia
- Eastern world
- Popular culture
- High culture
- Alternative culture
