• Source: Elam Lynds

Captain Elam Lynds (1784–1855) was a prison warden and was known for his carceral innovations, such as producing goods for sale outside of prisons for profit, instituting absolute silence among prisoners at all times, and solitary confinement of prisoners at night, and for his cruelty as a warden. He helped create the Auburn system, which consisted of congregate labor during the day and isolation at night, starting in 1821 and was Warden of Sing Sing from 1825 to 1830.




Early life


Elam Lynds was born in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1784. His parents moved to Troy, New York, when he was an infant. He learned the hatter's trade and worked at it for some years.




War of 1812 service


In the War of 1812 he held a captain's commission in a New York regiment.




Auburn State Prison


The Auburn State Prison's South Wing was opened in the Spring of 1817, and fifty-three prisoners were transferred there from nearby counties. Lynds was made the first principal keeper, and four years afterwards he became Warden of Auburn State Prison.
Lynds devised the main features of the Auburn System of imprisonment. When Lynds took charge of Auburn in 1821, he felt that discipline was lax, with guards only interested in preventing escape. Lynds, believing that chaining prisoners in a dungeon failed to produce "a good state of discipline," resorted exclusively to beatings. Speaking in 1826 to visiting commissioners, Lynds explained:

After making, as I thought, a fair experiment of [the dungeon], and finding it fail me altogether, I began to use the rod ; and when a [prisoner] would laugh at the dungeon, I could make him perfectly obedient with a few stripes of a cowskin [whip], and a promise that he should have as much more as should be requisite.
The Auburn System under Lynds, however, did not go uncontested. Local, national, and international prison reformers, criticized the system. In 1821, locals rioted to protest the inmates' treatment. Even his own staff objected to Lynds's brutal methods. In spring 1821, keepers refused to flog a prisoner. The keepers were fired and a blacksmith named Jonathan Thompson carried out the flogging. When Thompson left the prison, he was tarred and feathered by a crowd. Henry Hall, in The History of Auburn (1861), described the scene:

As he passed through the prison gate, he was seized by a furious crowd of laborers, tarred from head to foot, and borne through the streets astride a rail. The ring-leader of the mob, with a hen under his arm, walked by the side of the unfortunate Thompson, and plucking handfuls of feathers from the screaming fowl, stuck them to the blacksmith's tarry coat. This shocking affair was condignly punished as a riot. On the other hand, the convicts, stimulated by this outside sympathy, learned to be rebellious, transgressed the rules of the shops at every opportunity, and set fire to the buildings, and destroyed their work, whenever they dared.




Retirement and death


After his retirement from the prison service he lived in New York City, where he died in 1855.




Notes






References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Elam Lynds
• Auburn Correctional Facility
• Auburn system
• Sing Sing
• Wardens of Sing Sing
• History of United States prison systems
• Convict leasing
• Prison reform
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