- Source: Electronic symbol
An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engineering discipline, based on traditional conventions.
Standards for symbols
The graphic symbols used for electrical components in circuit diagrams are covered by national and international standards, in particular:
IEC 60617 (also known as BS 3939).
There is also IEC 61131-3 – for ladder-logic symbols.
JIC JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association). They have been extracted from the Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967.
ANSI Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975 or CSA Z99-1975).
IEEE Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std 315.
Australian Standard AS 1102 (based on a slightly modified version of IEC 60617; withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617).
The standards do not all agree, and use of unusual (even if standardized) symbols can lead to confusion and errors.
Symbols usage is sometimes idiosyncratic to engineering disciplines, and national or local variations to international standards exist. For example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
Common electronic symbols
Symbols shown are typical examples, not a complete list.
= Traces
== Grounds
=The shorthand for ground is GND. Optionally, the triangle in the middle symbol may be filled in.
= Sources
== Resistors
=It is very common for potentiometer and rheostat symbols to be used for many types of variable resistors and trimmers.
= Capacitors
== Diodes
=Optionally, the triangle in these symbols may be filled in. Note: The words anode and cathode typically aren't part of the diode symbols.
Bridge rectifiers
There are many ways to draw a single-phase bridge rectifier symbol. Some show the internal diode circuit, some don't.
= Inductors
=An inductor can be drawn either as a series of loops, or series of half-circles.
= Transformers
== Transistors
=Optionally, transistor symbols may include a circle. Note: The pin letters B/C/E and G/D/S aren't part of the transistor symbols.
Bipolar
Unipolar
= Vacuum tubes
== Switches
=For multiple pole switches, a dotted or dashed line can be included to indicate two or more switch at the same time (see DPST and DPDT examples below).
= Relays
=Relays symbols are a combination of an inductor symbol and switch symbol.
Note: The pin letters in these symbols aren't part of the standard relay symbol.
= Lamps
=LED are located in the diode section.
= Current limiters
== Electro-acoustic devices
=Speaker symbols sometimes include an internal inductor symbol.
= Antennas
== Cables
== Connectors
=There are numerous connector symbol variations.
= ICs
=Logic gates
For the symbols below: A and B are inputs, Q is output. Note: These letters are not part of the symbols.
There are variations of these logic gate symbols. Depending on the IC, the two-input gates below may have: 1) two or more inputs; 2) infrequently some have a second inverted Q output too.
The above logic symbols may have additional I/O variations too: 1) schmitt trigger inputs, 2) tri-state outputs, 3) open-collector or open-drain outputs (not shown).
Flip-flops
For the symbols below: Q is output, Q is inverted output, E is enable input, internal triangle shape is clock input, S is Set, R is Reset (some datasheets use clear (CLR) instead of reset along the bottom).
There are variations of these flip-flop symbols. Depending on the IC, a flip-flop may have: 1) one or both outputs (Q only, Q only, both Q & Q); 2) one or both forced inputs along top & bottom (R only, S only, both R & S); 3) some inputs may be inverted.
OpAmps
Note: The outside text isn't part of these symbols.
= Oscillators
== Miscellaneous devices
=Historical electronic symbols
The shape of some electronic symbols have changed over time. The following historical electronic symbols can be found in old electronic books / magazines / schematics, and now considered obsolete.
= Capacitors (historical)
=All of the following are obsolete capacitor symbols.
See also
Circuit diagram
Reference designator
Symbols for appliance classes
References
Further reading
Standards
IEC 60617 : Graphical Symbols for Diagrams; 2012.
IEEE 315 : Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (including Reference Designation Letters); 1975.
U.S. DoD MIL-STD-806B : Graphical Symbols for Logic Diagrams; 1962. (RevB in 1962)
Books
Beginner's Guide to Reading Schematics; 4th Ed; Stan Gibilisco; McGraw-Hill, 224 pages; 2018; ISBN 978-1260031119.
How to Read Schematic Diagrams; 5th Ed; Donald Herrington; Literary Licensing; 130 pages; 2011; ISBN 978-0672224577. (4ed in 1986)(2ed in 1967)
How to Read Electronic Circuit Diagrams; 2nd Ed; Robert Brown, Paul Lawrence, James Whitson; Tab Books; 214 pages; 1988; ISBN 978-0830628803. (2ed in 1988)
Engineer's Mini-Notebook : Schematic Symbols, Device Packages, Design and Testing; 1st Ed; Forrest M. Mims III; Radio Shack; 48 pages; 1988. (1ed in 1988)
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