• Source: Ensifera

Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies including: true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, weta and Cooloola monsters. This and the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and their allies) make up the order Orthoptera. Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera, with its origins in the Carboniferous period, the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period. Unlike the Caelifera, the Ensifera contain numerous members that are partially carnivorous, feeding on other insects, as well as plants.
Ensifer is Latin for "sword bearer", and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females.




Characteristics


Characteristics shared by the two orthopteran suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, are the mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing, the modified prothorax, the hind legs modified for jumping, the wing shape and venation, and the sound-producing stridulatory organs.
Ensiferans are distinguished from Caeliferans by their elongated, threadlike antennae, which are often longer than the length of their bodies and have over 30 segments (except in the subterranean Cooloolidae family). For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "long-horned orthopterans". In the families in which the males sing, the fore wings have modifications that include toothed veins and scrapers for making the noise, and the surrounding membranous areas amplify the sound. In these groups, the sound-detecting tympanal organs are located on the tibiae of the front legs. The tarsi have three segments and the ovipositor is blade-like or needle-like. The male attaches the spermatophore externally to the female's gonopore. The spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax, the function of which is to provide a nutritional nuptial gift to the female.




Taxonomy



The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following superfamilies and families.

Infraorder †Elcanidea
Superfamily †Elcanoidea
Family †Elcanidae (Late Triassic - Paleocene)
Family †Permelcanidae (Early Permian - Late Triassic)
Superfamily †Permoraphidioidea
Family †Permoraphidiidae (Permian)
Family †Pseudelcanidae (Early Permian)
Family †Thueringoedischiidae (Early Permian)
Family incertae sedis
Genus †Acridiites Heer, 1865
Infraorder Gryllidea
Superfamily Grylloidea
Family †Baissogryllidae
Family Gryllidae - true crickets
Family Mogoplistidae - scaly crickets
Family Phalangopsidae Blanchard, 1845
Family †Protogryllidae Zeuner, 1937
Family Trigonidiidae Saussure, 1874
Superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Leach, 1815
Family Gryllotalpidae Leach, 1815 – mole crickets
Family Myrmecophilidae Saussure, 1874 - ant crickets
Infraorder †Oedischiidea
Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906
Family †Anelcanidae Carpenter, 1986
Family †Bintoniellidae Handlirsch, 1939
Family †Mesoedischiidae Gorochov, 1987
Family †Oedischiidae Handlirsch, 1906
Family †Proparagryllacrididae Riek, 1956
Family †Pruvostitidae Zalessky, 1929
Family incertae sedis
Genus †Crinoedischia Béthoux & Beckemeyer, 2007
Genus †Loxoedischia Beckemeyer, 2011
Superfamily †Triassomantoidea Tillyard, 1922
Family †Adumbratomorphidae Gorochov, 1987
Family †Triassomantidae Tillyard, 1922
Superfamily †Xenopteroidea Riek, 1955
Family †Xenopteridae Riek, 1955
Superfamily incertae sedis
family †Permotettigoniidae Nel & Garrouste, 2016
Family incertae sedis
Genus †Permophyllum Prokop, et al, 2015
Infraorder Tettigoniidea
Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
Family †Eospilopteronidae Cockerell, 1916
Family †Haglidae Handlirsch, 1906
Family †Hagloedischiidae Gorochov, 1986
Family †Prezottophlebiidae Martins-Neto, 2007
Family Prophalangopsidae Kirby, 1906
Family †Tuphellidae Gorochov, 1988
Superfamily †Phasmomimoidea Sharov, 1968
Family †Phasmomimidae Sharov, 1968
Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea Walker, 1869
Family Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave weta
Superfamily Schizodactyloidea Blanchard, 1845
Family Schizodactylidae Blanchard, 1845 - dune or splay-footed crickets
Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister, 1838
Family Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859 - weta (except cave weta), king crickets
Family Cooloolidae Rentz, 1980 - Cooloola monsters
Family Gryllacrididae Blanchard, 1845 - leaf-rolling crickets
Family Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838 - Jerusalem crickets
Superfamily Tettigonioidea Krauss, 1902
Family †Haglotettigoniidae Gorochov, 1988
Family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 - bush crickets, katydids, koringkrieks
Superfamily Incertae sedis
Family incertae sedis
Genus †Tettoraptor Gorochov, 2012
Infraorder incertae sedis
Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986
Family †Gryllavidae Gorochov, 1986
Superfamily Incertae sedis
Family †Palaeorehniidae (syn "Zeuneropterinae")
Family †Vitimiidae




Phylogeny



The phylogenetic relationships of the Ensifera, summarized by Darryl Gwynne in 1995 from his own work and that of earlier authors, are shown in the following cladogram, with the Orthoptera divided into two main groups, Ensifera and Caelifera (grasshoppers). Fossil Ensifera are found from the late Carboniferous period onwards.
The oldest known fossil in the Archaeorthoptera, the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds in the Upper Silesian Basin of the Czech Republic.




Notes






References






External links


The Orthopterists' Society

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kolibri
• Phoebemima ensifera
• Soita ensifera
• Homaxinella ensifera
• Cliona ensifera
• Fusciludia ensifera
• Parendacustes
• Belalang kerik
• Anjing tanah
• Jangkrik
• Ensifera
• Sword-billed hummingbird
• Orthoptera
• Cricket (insect)
• Asterropteryx ensifera
• Phoebemima ensifera
• Caridina ensifera
• Sphegina ensifera
• Aphantaulax ensifera
• Eupithecia ensifera