• Source: Epitaph (Charles Mingus composition)

Epitaph is a composition by jazz musician Charles Mingus. It is 4,235 measures long, takes more than two hours to perform, and was only completely discovered during the cataloguing process after his death. With the help of a grant from the Ford Foundation, the score and instrumental parts were copied, and the work itself was premiered by a 30-piece orchestra, conducted by Gunther Schuller and produced by Mingus's widow, Sue, at Alice Tully Hall on June 3, 1989, 10 years after his death, and issued as a live album. It was performed again at several concerts in 2007.
Accurately convinced that it would never be performed in his lifetime, Mingus called his work Epitaph declaring that it was written "for my tombstone."




1962 version


There was one ill-fated attempt to record some of "Epitaph" during Mingus's lifetime, in New York City on October 12, 1962. The album The Complete Town Hall Concert (United Artists UAJ 14024) includes the tracks "Epitaph Pt. I" and "Epitaph Pt. II", as well as "Clark in the Dark", for trumpeter Clark Terry, who played in the band.
The musicians included:
Saxes and woodwinds

Danny Bank (contrabass clarinet)
Romeo Penque (oboe)
Buddy Collette (alto saxophone)
Eric Dolphy (alto saxophone)
Charlie Mariano (alto saxophone)
Charles McPherson (alto saxophone)
George Berg (tenor saxophone)
Zoot Sims (tenor saxophone)
Jerome Richardson (baritone saxophone)
Pepper Adams (baritone saxophone)
Trumpets

Eddie Armour
Rolf Ericson
Lonnie Hillyer
Ernie Royal
Clark Terry
Richard Williams
Snooky Young
Trombones and tuba

Eddie Bert
Jimmy Cleveland
Willie Dennis
Quentin Jackson
Britt Woodman
Paul Faulise
Rhythm section

Warren Smith (vibraphone, percussion)
Les Spann (guitar)
Toshiko Akiyoshi (piano)
Jaki Byard (piano)
Charles Mingus (bass)
Milt Hinton (bass)
Dannie Richmond (drums)
Grady Tate (percussion)
A review by Bill Coss appeared in the December 6, 1962, edition of Down Beat titled "A Report of a Most Remarkable Event", and was reprinted in the January 2005 edition.
The concert/recording was extremely disorganized. From the liner notes: "...this record represents a curious combination of open recording session and concert on a New York City Town Hall stage that held thirty musicians, two men still copying the music to be played, no play-back equipment, and a host of unbelievable tensions."
From Martin Williams's review: "The occasion was supposed to have been a public recording date, but the producers' announcements and ads somehow came out reading 'concert.' At one point during the proceedings, Mingus shouted to his audience, advising, 'Get your money back!'"

From the Coss article: The microphone Mingus grabbed had no amplification, but what he said, more or less, was: "Get your money back. I couldn't stop you from coming here. The press agents lied to you. You've been taken advantage of. Go out now and get your money back. I don't want you to think I've done this to you. It was supposed to be a recording session, but Mr. George Wein, who is a fine promoter, changed it into a concert. So get your money back. The company has lots of money. It would take years to rehearse this music."
The problems seem to have arisen because Mingus had piles of new music in his head, and wanted to stage an open rehearsal which United Artists and producer Alan Douglas wanted to record and release. Then UA moved up the date five weeks, Mingus kept writing even newer music while rehearsals were underway, the musicians were unprepared (the Coss article suggests that in three previous rehearsals not one piece had been played all the way through), and audience members had apparently been expecting a fully rehearsed concert rather than a taping session with false starts and retakes.




1989 version



After Mingus's death, the score to Epitaph was rediscovered by Andrew Homzy, director of the jazz program at Concordia University, Montreal. He had been invited by Sue Mingus to catalogue a trunkful of Mingus's handwritten charts and in the process had discovered a vast assortment of orchestral pages written by Mingus with measures numbered consecutively well into the thousands. After some investigation, Homzy realized what it was that he had found and eventually managed to reassemble the Epitaph score. At that point Homzy and Sue Mingus got in touch with Gunther Schuller, who put together an all-star orchestra to play this very demanding piece of music. However, despite the stellar cast that was assembled, problems were again encountered. Thirty years earlier, charts were being copied in the wings before the show. This time, the charts were all computerized, but the software was buggy and again charts were being sight-read at the last minute.
This was no mean feat. Epitaph resembles many other Mingus compositions in level of difficulty. Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, pointing at a passage in the score said, "That looks like something you would find in an Etude Book... under 'Hard'." And conductor Gunther Schuller stated "The only comparison I've ever been able to find is the great iconoclastic American composer Charles Ives." Despite all these challenges, however, the concert, at Alice Tully Hall in New York's Lincoln Center in 1989, was a critical triumph, if ten years too late for Charles Mingus to enjoy it. The same personnel performed the piece two days later at the Wolf Trap Farm Park outside of Washington, DC. A double-CD was later released by Columbia/Sony Records. The concert was also filmed, and broadcast on U.K. television around 1990. The 1989 recording at Alice Tully Hall was recorded by John McClure and David Hewitt on Remote Recording Services' Silver Truck.




= Track listings

=




= Personnel

=
Conductor

Gunther Schuller
Saxes and woodwinds

John Handy (clarinet, alto saxophone)
Jerome Richardson (clarinet, alto saxophone, speech)
Bobby Watson (clarinet, flute, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone)
George Adams (tenor saxophone)
Phil Bodner (oboe, English horn, clarinet, tenor saxophone)
Roger Rosenberg (piccolo, flute, clarinet, baritone saxophone)
Gary Smulyan (clarinet, baritone saxophone)
Michael Rabinowitz (bassoon, bass clarinet)
Dale Kleps (flute, contrabass clarinet)
Trumpets

Randy Brecker
Wynton Marsalis
Lew Soloff
Jack Walrath
Joe Wilder
Snooky Young
Trombones and tuba

Eddie Bert
Sam Burtis
Urbie Green
David Taylor
Britt Woodman (bass trombone)
Paul Faulise (bass trombone)
Don Butterfield (tuba)
Rhythm section

Karl Berger (vibraphone, cowbell)
John Abercrombie (guitar)
Roland Hanna (piano)
John Hicks (piano)
Reggie Johnson (bass)
Ed Schuller (bass, guiro)
Victor Lewis (drums)
Daniel Druckman (percussion, tumba)




2007 version


Let My Children Hear Music again presented Epitaph in 2007, including new sections discovered since the 1989 premiere.

Wed, April 25, 2007, Frederick P. Rose Hall, Home of Jazz at Lincoln Center, New York. Hosted by Bill Cosby
Fri, April 27, 2007, 8pm, Tri-C Jazz Festival, Cleveland, Ohio
Wed, May 16, 2007, 8pm, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles
Fri, May 18, 2007, 8pm, Symphony Center Chicago, Symphony Orchestra Chicago
The concert at Walt Disney Concert Hall was broadcast by NPR and available online.




= Personnel

=
Conductor

Gunther Schuller
Saxes and woodwinds

Michael Rabinowitz, bassoon
Douglas Yates, contrabass clarinet
Craig Handy
Steve Slagle
Abraham Burton, alto saxophones
Kathy Halvorson
Wayne Escoffery, tenor saxophones
Ronnie Cuber
Lauren Sevian, baritone saxophones
Trumpets

Ryan Kisor
Walter White
Jack Walrath
Dave Ballou
Alex Sipiagin
Kenny Rampton
Trombones and tuba

Sam Burtis
Ku-umba Frank Lacy
Andre Hayward
Conrad Herwig
Earl McIntyre
Dave Taylor
Howard Johnson, tuba
Rhythm section

Kenny Drew Jr.
George Colligan, pianos
Boris Kozlov
Christian McBride, basses
Johnathan Blake, drums
Christos Rafalides, vibraphone
Jack Wilkins, guitar
Mark Belair
David Nyberg, percussion




Score


In 2008, the full score of Epitaph was published by Let My Children Hear Music, Inc (The Charles Mingus Institute), distributed by Hal Leonard.




References






External links


John Sobol, "Meeting the Underdog" – in-depth personal memoir of Epitaph's recreation, by John Sobol, a jazz critic who was at the rehearsals and show
Official site
Pop/Jazz; Reviving An 'Epitaph,' A Symphony By Mingus: Review By JON PARELES in the New York Times

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