• Source: Erythranthe guttata

Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.
Erythranthe guttata is a model organism for biological studies, and in that context is still referred to as Mimulus guttatus. There may be as many as 1000 scientific papers focused on this species. The genome is (as of 2012) being studied in depth.
For combined research of evolution, genetics, and ecology, particularly plant-insect interactions, the yellow monkeyflower has become a model system. With the help of physically resistant protections called trichomes, which have been thoroughly examined, the yellow monkeyflower defends itself against herbivores.




Description



A highly variable plant, taking many forms, E. guttata is a species complex in that there is room to treat some of its forms as different species by some definitions.
The plant ranges from 10 to 80 centimetres (4 to 31+1⁄2 in) tall with disproportionately large, 2 to 4 cm long, tubular flowers. The perennial form spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs.
Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers.
The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots (hence the name guttata, which is Latin for 'spotted'). The opening to the flower is hairy.
Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. E. guttata also displays a high degree of self-pollination. Erythranthe nasuta (Mimulus nasutus) evolved from E. guttata in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as genetic code variations and variations in plant morphology. E. guttata prefers a wetter habitat than E. nasuta.




Distribution and habitat


A herbaceous wildflower, Erythranthe guttata grows along the banks of streams and seeps throughout much of western North America from sea level to 12,000 feet (3,700 m). Both annual and perennial forms occur throughout the species' range. It blooms during spring at low elevations, during summer at high elevations.
It is found in a wide range of habitats including the splash zone of the Pacific Ocean, the chaparral of California, Western U.S. deserts, the geysers of Yellowstone National Park, alpine meadows, serpentine barrens, and even on the toxic tailings of copper mines. It is also very common in New Zealand near water bodies.
The flower is also an introduced species in Europe.




Cultivation


Erythranthe guttata is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens.




Uses


The leaves are edible, both raw and cooked. Leaves are sometimes added to salads as a lettuce substitute, they have a slight bitter flavour.




References






External links


Media related to Erythranthe guttata at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Erythranthe guttata at Wikispecies
Calflora: Mimulus guttatus (Seep Monkey Flower, Yellow Monkey Flower, common yellow monkeyflower)
University of Michigan - Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany:
Mimulus Genome Browser - for genetics researchers
Mimulus guttatus — UC Photos gallery
Twyford, Alex D.; Streisfeld, Matthew A.; Lowry, David B.; Friedman, Jannice (2015-06-01). "Genomic studies on the nature of species: adaptation and speciation in Mimulus". Molecular Ecology. 24 (11): 2601–2609. Bibcode:2015MolEc..24.2601T. doi:10.1111/mec.13190. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 25856725. S2CID 41760029.
Lee, Young Wha; Fishman, Lila; Kelly, John K.; Willis, John H. (2016-04-01). "A Segregating Inversion Generates Fitness Variation in Yellow Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)". Genetics. 202 (4): 1473–1484. doi:10.1534/genetics.115.183566. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 4905537. PMID 26868767.
Lee, Young Wha; Fishman, Lila; Kelly, John K.; Willis, John H. (2016-01-01). "Fitness Variation Is Generated by a Segregating Inversion in Yellow Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)". Genetics. 202 (4): 1473–1484. doi:10.1534/genetics.115.183566. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 4905537. PMID 26868767.
Peterson, Megan L.; Kay, Kathleen M.; Angert, Amy L. (2016-07-01). "The scale of local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus: comparing life history races, ecotypes, and populations". New Phytologist. 211 (1): 345–356. doi:10.1111/nph.13971. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 27102088.
Friedman, Jannice; Hart, Katherine S.; Bakker, Meghan C. den (2017-02-01). "Losing one's touch: Evolution of the touch-sensitive stigma in the Mimulus guttatus species complex". American Journal of Botany. 104 (2): 335–341. doi:10.3732/ajb.1600394. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 28202451.
Stanton, Kimmy A.; Edger, Patrick P.; Puzey, Joshua R.; Kinser, Taliesin; Cheng, Philip; Vernon, Daniel M.; Forsthoefel, Nancy R.; Cooley, Arielle M. (2017-01-01). "A Whole Transcriptome Approach to Evaluating Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies: A Case Study in Mimulus". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 7 (4): 1085–1095. doi:10.1534/g3.116.038075. ISSN 2160-1836. PMC 5386857. PMID 28258113.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Erythranthe guttata
• Erythranthe
• Erythranthe peregrina
• Erythranthe hymenophylla
• Phrymaceae
• Erythranthe nudata
• Erythranthe cuprea
• Erythranthe gemmipara
• Erythranthe grandis
• Erythranthe glaucescens