• Source: Fairway (navigation)

Fairway is a part of a water body (bay, harbor, river) containing the navigable channel (also known as a ship channel), a route suitable for ships of the larger size (with draft closer to the draft limit).




Fairway depth, width, and height


The underwater cross-section of a ship in the channel is limited by the fairway depth and width (bridges may create restrictions for the height above the waterline). Fairway depth is a distance between the seabed/riverbed and the water surface. The fairway depth of a river varies with the season, so some standardized depth value is used, usually the one corresponding to the low navigable water level (LNWL) defined as the water level that the river stays above during almost the entire navigation season: statistically, the level shall stay below the LNWL for 20 ice-free days per year, corresponding to 5-6% of the ice-free period on European rivers. The fairway width is defined as a width of the cross-section of the river that corresponds to the fairway depth, the fairway height under the bridges is usually specified with respect to the highest navigable water level (HNWL).




Fairway and navigable channel


The term "fairway" usually means all the navigable waters between the fairway buoys (that indicate the ends of the channel), even the routes only accessible to the lighter-draft vessels. Some authors restrict the definition to the linear approach part of a marine waterway, the approach channel leading into a port.

Legal definitions of the navigable channel differ depending on the context. In many cases any part of water body that can be navigated is considered to be navigable waters, although in the US (per Title 33 of the United States Code) the term applies to the waters over which the US Congress has jurisdiction to regulate the commerce, individual states apply similar criteria. The courts, however, use an expanded definition and include into the scope of Title 33, for example, waters "frequented by small, pleasure-fishing crafts".
The center of the navigable channel lies on the thalweg, so in the international river law in case of disputed borders the border is assumed to follow the thalweg, as doing otherwise would deny the navigation rights to one side.




Fairway management in Europe


Many major European rivers (e.g., Rhine, Danube, Moselle, Meuse, and Sava) have long-established systems for waterway management. Some countries, primarily in Scandinavia, charge the ships fairway dues, fees intended to support maintenance of the fairways (e. g., dredging). The following table contains the parameters of some of the European waterways.




Fairway management in the US


Inland waterways in the United states are managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). A mechanism similar to the fairway dues, a Harbor Maintenance Tax on imports is used to finance the maintenance (primarily dredging) of the ports on the coasts and Great Lakes.




References






Sources


Muilerman, Gert-Jan; Maierbrugger, Gudrun; Armbrecht, Henrik; Schepper, Karin de; Turf, Sim; Liere, Richard van; Quispel, Martin (2018). Good Navigation Status: guidelines towards achieving a Good Navigation Status. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2832/148049. ISBN 978-92-79-81043-5.
Alshareef, Mohammed Hamed (2019). Three Essays on Waterborne Transportation (PDF) (PhD thesis). Fargo, North Dakota: North Dakota State University.
USACE (2004). Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway System Navigation Feasibility Study, Integrated Feasibility Report: Environmental Impact Statement. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
Upper Mississippi River Navigation Charts (in Italian). U.S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island. 1989. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
Merkel, Axel; Lindgren, Samuel (2022). "Effects of fairway dues on the deployment and utilization of vessels: Lessons from a regression discontinuity design". Transport Policy. 126: 204–214. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.07.018.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kepulauan Diomede
• Fairway (navigation)
• Fairway
• Safe water mark
• Ship channel
• Sea mark
• Port of Hong Kong
• Port of Port Klang
• International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
• Buoy
• Bystroye Canal