• Source: Floppy disk drive interface

Each generation of floppy disk drive (FDD) began with a variety of incompatible interfaces but soon evolved into one de facto standard interface for the generations of 8-inch FDDs, 5.25-inch FDDs and 3.5-inch FDDs. For example, before adopting 3.5-inch FDD standards for interface, media and form factor there were drives and media proposed by Hitachi, Tabor, Sony, Tandon, Shugart and Canon.




Sizes






= 8 inch

=
The de facto standard 8 inch FDD interface is based upon the Shugart Associates models SA800/801 FDDs and models SA850/851 FDDs.: 171  The signal interface uses a dual in-line 50-pin PCB edge connector which mates to a flat ribbon cable connector; separate connectors are provided for both AC and DC power.




= 5.25 inch

=
The de facto standard 5.25 inch FDD interface is based upon the Shugart Associates SA400 FDD.: 169  The signal interface uses a dual in-line 34-pin PCB edge connector which mates to a flat ribbon cable connector; a separate connector is for DC power. The 34-pin connector is similar in pinout to the standard 50-pin connector for 8 inch FDDs.




= 3.5 inch

=
The de facto standard for 3.5 inch drives uses a dual in-line pin style connector mating to a socket connector, collectively slightly smaller than the PCB edge pin connector and mating socket used for the 5¼ inch standard but with the same 34 pin definitions as the 5¼ inch standard. A 'universal' cable would have four drive connectors, two for each size of FDD, although cables which have only two drive connectors are common. The cable is normally formed into a ribbon, and a twist located between the pairs of connectors for the drives (see image) is usually applied to the conductors for pins 10 to 16 inclusive. This allows two drives connected to the same cable to be addressed by the host controller. Only two drives may be connected to such a cable. If there are four drive connectors at least two must remain unused. A separate connector is provided for DC power.




Signal and control interface


3.5-inch and 5.25-inch drives connect to the floppy controller using a 34-conductor flat ribbon cable for signal and control; a separate cable provides d.c. power. Most controllers support two floppy drives, so a cable could have 5.25-inch style connectors, 3.5-inch style connectors, or a combination. After IBM introduced the "twist" to floppy cables, and when both 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch drives were in common use, many cables had four connectors: one of each type before the twist, and one of each type after the twist. These cables still only supported two drives, one before and one after the twist, but they allowed using one cable for any combination of drives with differing connectors. This type of cable is called a universal cable.
When multiple floppy disks are connected, many pins are shared, including the read and write data pins. As a result, early floppy drives required jumpers to be set on the drive to tell it which controller commands it should receive. When introducing the PC, IBM sliced the cable between the first and second drive, and twisted seven of the conductors, effectively flipping the four conductors which specifically addressed the first or second drive. (The remaining three were ground only, so were not affected by the twist.) As a result, all drives could have their jumpers set to be drive "B", but if they were connected after the twist, they would appear to the controller as drive "A". This eliminated the need to change selection jumpers in the drive, and eventually many floppy drives were manufactured without jumpers at all, instead being hardwired as drive "B". As the IBM PC created a market for clones and compatibles, many manufacturers adopted the same cable twist system, although jumpers may still be required on systems that are older, or not based on the IBM PC.
The drive that is at furthest end of the cable additionally would have a terminating resistor installed to maintain signal quality.
The following explanation of pinout is for reference only.

"#" indicates that the low electric level is effective (aka "active low").
Motor A,B is also known as Motor 0,1.
Since floppy disks are rarely used nowadays, "MOTEB#" and "DRVSB" pins are not connected in motherboards designed with floppy disk data interfaces, and only one floppy disk drive can be connected.




See also


Floppy disk controller
Floppy drive power connector




References






Further reading


Johnson, Herbert "Herb" R. (2021-07-21) [2006]. "Tech information on floppy disks drives and media". retrotechnology.com. New Jersey, USA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-01-04.

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