• Source: Foreign exchange controls

Foreign exchange controls are various forms of controls imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents, on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents, or the transfers of any currency across national borders. These controls allow countries to better manage their economies by controlling the inflow and outflow of currency, which may otherwise create exchange rate volatility. Countries with weak and/or developing economies generally use foreign exchange controls to limit speculation against their currencies. They may also introduce capital controls, which limit foreign investment in the country.




Rationale



Common foreign exchange controls include:

banning the use of foreign currency within the country;
banning locals from possessing foreign currency;
restricting currency exchange to government-approved exchangers;
fixed exchange rates
restricting the amount of currency that may be imported or exported;
Often, foreign exchange controls can result in the creation of black markets in currencies. This leads to a situation where the actual demand for foreign currency is greater than that which is available on the official market. As such, it is unclear whether governments have the ability to enact effective exchange controls.




History


Foreign exchange controls used to be common in most countries. For instance, many western European countries implemented exchange controls in the years immediately following World War II. The measures were gradually phased out, however, as the post-war economies on the continent steadily strengthened; the United Kingdom, for example, removed the last of its restrictions in October 1979. By the 1990s, there was a trend toward free trade and globalization and economic liberalization.
In France, exchange controls started after the First World War. It then reappeared between 1939 and 1967. After a very short interruption, exchange controls were restored in 1968, relaxed in 1984, and finally abolished in 1989.
Francoist Spain kept foreign exchange controls from the Spanish Civil War to the 1970s.
Other countries that formerly had exchange controls in the modern period include:

Argentina - between 2011 and 2015
Egypt - until 1995
Finland - until 1990
Israel - until 1994
Taiwan - until 1987
United Kingdom - until 1979
Russia - from 1991 until 2006




= Current examples

=

Today, countries with foreign exchange controls are known as "Article 14 countries", after the provision in the International Monetary Fund's Articles of Agreement, which allows exchange controls only for "transitional economies".

Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Bahamas
Barbados
Belarus
Cameroon
China
Cuba
Ethiopia
Ghana
India
Iran
Libya
Morocco
Myanmar
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Nigeria
North Korea
Russia
Samoa
South Africa
Sudan
Tunisia
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Zimbabwe




See also



Currency transaction tax
Financial transaction tax
Spahn tax
Sterling Area
Tobin tax
List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Jamaika
• Sosialisme
• Yasser Arafat
• Sarawak
• Bentrokan Kirgizstan–Tajikistan 2022
• Brexit
• Wuhan
• Skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad
• Foreign exchange controls
• Foreign exchange market
• Foreign Exchange Management Act
• Exchange rate
• Foreign exchange reserves
• Foreign exchange hedge
• Foreign exchange certificate
• List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves
• Foreign exchange fraud
• Argentine currency controls (2011–2015)