- Source: Four Perils
The Four Perils (Chinese: 四凶; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are four malevolent beings that exist in Chinese mythology.
Book of Documents
In the Book of Documents, they are defined as the "Four Criminals" (四罪; Sì Zuì):
Gonggong (Chinese: 共工; pinyin: Gònggōng; lit. 'join(t) works'), the disastrous god;
Huandou (驩兜; Huāndōu; 'happy helmet', a.k.a. 驩頭, 讙頭; Huāntóu; 'happy head'), a chimeric minister and/or nation from the south who conspired with Gonggong against Emperor Yao
Gun (鯀; Gǔn; 'big fish'), whose poorly-built dam released a destructive flood and whose son was Yu the Great;
Sanmiao (三苗; Sān Miáo; 'Three Miao'), the tribes that attacked Emperor Yao's tribe.
Zuo Zhuan, Shanhaijing, and Shenyijing
In Zuo Zhuan, Shanhaijing, and Shenyijing, the Four Perils (Hanzi: 四凶; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are defined as:
the Hundun (渾敦, 渾沌; Hùndùn; 'chaotic torrent'), a yellow winged creature of chaos with six legs and no face;
the Qiongqi (窮奇; Qióngqí; 'distressingly strange', 'thoroughly odd'), a monstrous creature that eats people,
the Taowu (檮杌; Táowù; 'block stump'), a reckless, stubborn creature; The Taowu is said to appear with "a human face, a tiger's feet, a pig's tusks and a tail 18 feet long."
the Taotie (饕餮; Tāotiè; 'greedy glutton'), a gluttonous beast.
Identification
Zhang Shoujie's Correct Meanings of the Record of the Grand Historian (史記正義; Shǐjì Zhèngyì) identifies Huandou (讙兠) with Hundun (渾沌), Gonggong with Qiongqi (窮竒), Gun with Taowu (檮杌), and the Sanmiao "Three Miao" (三苗) with Taotie (饕餮).
See also
Four Barbarians
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Notes
References
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