• Source: Fuzhou people

      • Fuzhou people (Chinese: 福州人; Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng), also known as Foochowese, Hokchew, Hokchia, Hokchiu, Fuzhou Shiyi people (福州十邑人), Eastern Min or Mindong are residents of either Fuzhou and Mindong regions and the Gutian and Pingnan counties of Fujian province and Matsu Islands in Taiwan. Fuzhou people are a part of the Min Chinese-speaking group that speaks Eastern Min or specifically Fuzhou dialect. There is also a significant overseas Fuzhou population, particularly distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, United States (Fuzhou Americans), Singapore and the United Kingdom.


      Language



      Fuzhou dialect is a tonal language that has extensive sandhi rules in the initials, rimes, and tones. These complicated rules make Fuzhou dialect one of the most difficult Chinese varieties.


      = Dialects

      =
      List of dialects of the Fuzhou language (福州話的方言):

      Min county dialect (prestige) – Fuzhou and Minhou county
      Gutian dialect
      Ningde dialect
      Changle dialect
      Fuqing dialect, includes Pingtan Island and parts of Changle
      Matsu dialect
      Minqing dialect 福州閩清話 - Minqing county


      City history


      Fuzhou throughout the 1800s had many missionaries from the West coming in and out of the city. The lack of communication between government officials and local town people led to uproar among local residence regarding missionaries. Although around 1850 five major ports were allowing foreigners to reside temporarily for missionary work, Fuzhounese people believed only their city was allowing this. Fuzhou natives were against missionaries as well as confronting Europeans in regards to business arrangements. At the same time Fuzhou had missionaries present, other cities such as Guangzhou started rebelling against foreigners. While Daoist people as well as monks showed hospitality towards missionaries unlike most other residents. Following the lead of Guangzhou people, Fuzhounese natives soon also rebelled. Miscommunication was a large part of misunderstanding by Fuzhounese people. During the 1800s there were five port cities that were of interest of Europeans. Shanghai and Ningbo in addition of Fuzhou, were also allowing residency for missionaries during this time. The western powers felt similar resentment towards China as China did on the West.


      Education and technology


      Throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties, local lineages were of high importance. The success rate regarding education throughout Fuzhou was often linked to the lineage members. As part of a lineage, it was the responsibility of a community to ensure successful education occurred. Education began as a private matter and not regulated throughout different lineages. The ability for a lineage to teach the fundamentals would determine people's later success with imperial examinations given throughout much of China. Shu-yuan were considered highly educated people who succeeded on given examinations. Many of these shu-yuan, around eighteen, were associated with Fuzhou fu throughout Ming and Qing dynasty. Some of the eighteen may have been from Song dynasty. However, there is less evidence to back up those claims.
      Although over time southeastern Fujian Province is more developed in terms of technology and resources, Fujian decided on the capital Fuzhou which is in North Fujian. Fujian has had a lower rate of urbanization in comparison to China as a whole. As a result, in provinces such as Fuzhou, the locals tend to be behind on methods in regards to agriculture and technological advancements. Fujian is rich in their ability to fish due to their location along the coastline. Fuzhou can not only participate in fishing itself but also the transporting of goods along the sea. Due to the richness of resources, the desire for migration to Fuzhou is high. As a result, people desiring to move to Fuzhou must have high education levels as well as skills necessary to contribute to the society.


      Emigration and diaspora




      = History

      =
      Fuzhou's history of emigration began since the Ming dynasty with Zheng He's voyages overseas. As the result of immigration of Fuzhounese to Southeast Asia, Fuzhou dialect is found in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. The city of Sibu of Malaysia is called "New Fuzhou" due to a large wave of Fuzhounese immigration in the early 1900s. They are referred to as "Hockchiu" or "Hokchew" in Singapore and Malaysia.


      = Japan

      =
      Some Fuzhou people have moved to Japan. Conversely, many Japanese have historically been interested in Fuzhou language. During the Second World War, some Japanese scholars became passionate about studying Fuzhou dialect, believing that it could be beneficial to the rule of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. One of their most famous works was the Japanese-Chinese Translation: Fuzhou Dialect (日華對譯: 福州語) published in 1940 in Taipei, in which katakana was used to represent Fuzhou pronunciation.


      = Southeast Asia

      =
      The Hockchius and Hockchias migrated to Nanyang (South-East Asia) in much smaller numbers compared to the Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakkas and Hainanese peoples, but achieved remarkable success. Amongst others, Robert Kuok (Hockchiu) rose to become the "Sugar King" of Malaysia and is currently ranked the richest man in South-East Asia whereas Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim) who was of Hockchia origin, was once the richest man in Indonesia, controlling a vast empire in the industry of flour, cement and food manufacturing.


      = United States

      =

      Fuzhounese people first started immigrating to America during the late Qing dynasty. Some of these immigrants were students who, after completing their studies returned to back to their fatherland (Fuzhou).
      However, after the US passed the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, immigration from China to the USA stopped for nearly a century. Only in 1980s with the China-USA détente and subsequent reform and opening, a wave of Fuzhounese settled in America. These new Fuzhounese immigrants set up their own separated communities such as "Little Fuzhou" in Manhattan.


      Notable Fuzhou people




      = Scientists, mathematicians and inventors

      =
      Chen Jingrun, mathematician
      Yan Fu, scholar and translator
      Chih-Tang Sah, professor
      Hou Debang, chemical engineer.
      Hsien Wu, protein scientist
      Ray Wu, geneticist
      Zhang Yuzhe, astronomer
      Chia-Chiao Lin, mathematician and professor
      Tung-Yen Lin, structural engineer
      Deng Xuquan, microbiologist
      Wang Shizhen, physician
      Wu Mengchao, surgeon
      Guo Kexin, physicist, metallurgist and crystallographer
      Liu Yingming, mathematician and academician.
      Sun Shensu, geochemist
      Chen Zhangliang, biologist, elected as vice-governor of Guangxi in 2007.
      Min Zhuo, neuroscientist



















      = Politicians and revolutionaries

      =
      Shen Song, a chancellor of the state Wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
      Chen Di, Ming-era philologist, strategist and traveler.
      Lin Zexu, scholar and official
      Shen Baozhen, Viceroy of Liangjiang from 1875 to 1879.
      Chen Baochen (1848–1935), Chinese scholar and loyalist to the Qing dynasty.
      Wong Nai Siong, a Chinese revolutionary leader and Christian scholar.
      Chen Jitong, Chinese diplomat, general and scholar during the late Qing dynasty.
      Lin Shu, Chinese scholar and translator, noted for his translation of Alexandre Dumas and La Dame aux Camélias.
      Liu Buchan (1852–1895), naval officer of the Beiyang Fleet, the most prominent of China's naval units in the late Qing dynasty.
      Sa Zhenbing (1859–1952), naval officer of Mongolian origin.
      Zheng Xiaoxu, Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher.
      Liu Guanxiong, Chinese Admiral who was Navy Minister of China, from 1912 to 1916 and 1917–1919.
      Lin Sen, President of the Republic of China from 1931 to 1943.
      Chin Peng, former leader of the Malayan Communist Party
      Lin Xu (1875–1898), Chinese politician, scholar, songwriter and poet who lived in the late Qing dynasty.
      Du Xigui (1875–1933), Chinese admiral during the warlord era.
      Lin Juemin (1887–1911), Chinese revolutionary
      Chen Shaokuan (1889–1969), fleet admiral who served as the senior commander of naval forces of the National Revolutionary Army.






























      = Writers and poets

      =
      Ingen, Ming-era Buddhist monk, poet, and calligrapher
      Lin Huiyin, female architect and poet
      Zou Taofen, Chinese patriot, journalist, media entrepreneur, and political activist.
      Zheng Zhenduo, a Chinese journalist and literary scholar.
      Zhu Qianzhi, intellectual, translator and historian.
      Bing Xin, a female Chinese writer.
      Hu Yepin, leftist writer.
      Zheng Min, Chinese scholar and poet.
      Wang Wen-hsing, Chinese-American writer.
      Watchman Nee, a Chinese Christian author and church leader.















      = Businesspeople

      =
      Liem Sioe Liong, a Chinese Indonesian billionaire and founder of Salim Group
      Robert Kuok, a Malaysian billionaire and chairman of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts
      Surya Wonowidjojo, the founder of Gudang Garam, the largest cigarette producer in Indonesia.
      Rachman Halim, executive of Gudang Garam
      Tiong Hiew King, executive
      Tiong Thai King, Malaysian politician and businessman, Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Lanang, Sibu, Sarawak from 1995 to 2013.


      = Others

      =
      Go Seigen, professional Go player
      Jahja Ling, orchestra conductor.
      Lin Yaohua, sociologist and anthropologist.
      Nicholas Kao Se Tseien, Catholic priest
      Cheng Nan-jung, Taiwanese publisher and activist.
      Lin Chi-ling, Taiwanese model, actress, singer and television host.
      Ludi Lin, actor
      Daniel Bambang Dwi Byantoro, an Indonesian Greek Old Calendarist archimandrite and founder of the decanate Indonesia Orthodox Church.











      References

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