• Source: Gifford Pinchot National Forest

Gifford Pinchot National Forest is a National Forest located in southern Washington, managed by the United States Forest Service. With an area of 1.32 million acres (5,300 km2), it extends 116 km (72 mi) along the western slopes of Cascade Range from Mount Rainier National Park to the Columbia River. The forest straddles the crest of the South Cascades of Washington State, spread out over broad old-growth forests, high mountain meadows, several glaciers, and numerous volcanic peaks. The forest's highest point is at 12,276 ft (3,742 m) at the top of Mount Adams, the second-tallest volcano in the state after Rainier. Often found abbreviated GPNF on maps and in texts, it includes the 110,000-acre (450 km2) Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, established by Congress in 1982.




History



Gifford Pinchot National Forest is one of the older national forests in the United States. Included as part of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve in 1897, 941,440 acres (3,809.9 km2) were set aside as the Columbia National Forest on July 1, 1908.
In 1855, the US government commissioned Washington Territory to negotiate land cession treaties with tribes around the forest. The Yakama tribe signed a treaty agreement that stipulated their moving to a reservation while maintaining off-reservation resource rights; however, the original treaty was then broken in 1916 when the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that Yakamas hunting off the reservation had to subscribe to state fish and game laws. Many tribes in the area have continued to use the area's resources while encountering non-Native hunters, fishers, and recreation users.
It was later renamed the Gifford Pinchot National Forest on June 15, 1949, in honor of Gifford Pinchot, one of the leading figures in the creation of the national forest system of the United States. His widow, fellow conservationist Cornelia Bryce Pinchot, was one of the speakers who addressed the audience assembled that day. In 1985 the non-profit Gifford Pinchot Task Force formed to promote conservation of the forest.




Geography



Gifford Pinchot National Forest is located in a mountainous region approximately between Mount St. Helens to the west, Mount Adams to the east, Mount Rainier National Park to the north, and the Columbia River to the south. This region of Southwest Washington is noted for its complex topography and volcanic geology. About 65 percent of the forest acreage is located in Skamania County. In descending order of land area the others are Lewis, Yakima, Cowlitz, and Klickitat counties.




= Major rivers

=

The Pacific Northwest brings abundant rainfall to the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, feeding an extensive network of rivers. The forest has only one river currently designated as Wild and Scenic, the White Salmon River, fed from glaciers high on Mount Adams. The Gifford Pinchot National Forest recommends four rivers to be added to the Wild and Scenic System. They are the Lewis River, the Cispus River, the Clear Fork and the Muddy Fork of the Cowlitz River. There are an additional thirteen rivers in the forest being studied for consideration into the national Wild and Scenic River System.
The following listed are the major streams and rivers of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Many of these provide excellent fishing.

Cispus River
Cowlitz River
White Salmon River
Little White Salmon River
Wind River
Lewis River
Muddy River
East Canyon Creek
Skate Creek
Iron Creek
Trout Lake Creek
Cultus Creek
Quartz Creek
Butter Creek
Clear Creek
Siouxon Creek
Canyon Creek
Johnson Creek




= Major lakes

=

The Gifford Pinchot National Forest includes many popular and secluded backcountry lakes. Most of the lakes offers excellent fishing. Goose Lake is known for the best fishing in the State of Washington.
The following table lists the major lakes of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest:




Congressional action


Congressional action since 1964 has established one national monument and seven wilderness areas in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.




= National Monuments

=

On August 26, 1982, congressional action established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980.




= Wilderness Areas

=
Congressional action since 1964 has established the following wilderness areas:

Glacier View Wilderness – 3,060 acres (12.4 km2)
Goat Rocks – 108,020 acres (437.1 km2), part of which lies in neighboring Wenatchee NF
Indian Heaven – 20,782 acres (84.1 km2)
Mount Adams – 47,078 acres (190.5 km2)
Tatoosh – 15,725 acres (63.6 km2)
Trapper Creek – 5,969 acres (24.2 km2)
William O. Douglas – 168,955 acres (683.7 km2), most of which lies in neighboring Wenatchee NF
The Shark Rock Wilderness was proposed in the mid-1970s by E.M. Sterling for the 75,000 acre Dark Divide Roadless Area in his book, The South Cascades. It is the largest unprotected roadless area (allowing motorized access) in the Washington Cascades, featuring sharp peaks and deep canyons, old growth forests, and delicate subalpine meadows.




= Points of interest

=

The forest also offers the following special areas and points of interest:

Dark Divide Roadless Area
Silver Star Scenic Area
Lava tubes, caves, and casts (notably the Ice Caves)
Ape Caves
Midway High Lakes Area
Big Lava Bed
Packwood Lake
Sawtooth Berry Fields, huckleberry fields reserved for Yakima tribe use. Designated in 1932 through a handshake agreement between forest supervisor J.R. Bruckart and Yakima Chief William Yallup.
Lone Butte Wildlife Emphasis Area
Layser Cave, a dwelling for Native Americans 7,000 years ago and a former archeological site.




Forest Service management


The forest supervisor's office is located in Vancouver, Washington. There are local ranger district offices in Randle, Amboy, and Trout Lake. The forest is named after the first chief of the United States Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot. Washington towns near entrances of the forest include Cougar, Randle, Packwood, Trout Lake, and Carson.
In August 2024, the Williams Mine fire burned over 11,900 acres of land within the Gifford Pinchot forest. In response, firefighters with the Mount St. Helen’s Forest District deployed protective wrappings to preserve several historic buildings that were more than 100 years old. This included the Gotchen Creek Guard Station - the oldest building in the forest.




Ecology


A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was 198,000 acres (80,000 ha), some of which is contained within its wilderness areas.

The Gifford Pinchot National Forest is the native habitat for several threatened species which include the spotted owl (threatened 2012) as well as multiple species of Northwest fish like the bull trout (threatened 1998), chinook salmon (threatened 2011), coho salmon (threatened 2011) and steelhead (threatened 2011).
People for over 6,000 years have made an impact in the ecology of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Native Americans hunted in high meadows below receding glaciers. The natives then began to manage the forest to meet their own needs. One method they used was to burn specific areas to help in the huckleberry production. About 338 spots more than 6,000 culturally modified trees were identified, of which 3,000 are protected now. Archaeological investigations are supported by the United States Forest Service.
The forest was home to the Big Tree at the southern flank of Mt Adams, one of the world's largest Ponderosa Trees.




See also


List of national forests of the United States
Wind River Arboretum




References






External links



Official website
Gifford Pinchot Task Force

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