• Source: Grammatical gender in German

All German nouns are included in one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. While the gender often does not directly influence the plural forms of nouns, there are exceptions, particularly when it comes to people and professions (e.g. Ärzte/Ärztinnen).
In German, it is useful to memorize nouns with their accompanying definite article in order to remember their gender. However, for about 80% of nouns, the grammatical gender can be deduced from their singular and plural forms and their meaning.




Noun forms


Derivational suffixes in particular, together with most noun endings, consistently relate with specific genders, and there are very few frequent exceptions to this (as reflected in the first column). Nevertheless, the details in the second column are not solid rules, and their irregularities should be noted.

Notes: exceptions and irregularities




Noun meanings


The gender of many nouns can be seen by their meaning. However, in almost all circumstances, the rules in the paragraph above override those given here.

Notes for the chart:




Special cases


The genders of a few nouns are not fixed, and may be linked to regional or register differences. There are a number of words with two meanings distinguished by gender.




= Compounds and abbreviations

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Compound words usually carry the gender of their last element. Moreover, the gender of abbreviations is decided by the gender of the base word, and shortened words take the gender of the full word.




= English loanwords

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Many loanwords from English adopt the gender of their native German equivalent; the gender of other loanwords may be deduced by the word's form or ending. For example, nouns from English -ing forms are neuter when referring to actions, but masculine when not referring to actions e.g. der Looping, 'loop' esp. in context of a rollercoaster. Another source of neuter loanwords are adverbials like das Off.




= Monosyllabic nouns from verbs

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Monosyllabic nouns from verbs are often masculine, and the same goes for monosyllabic words for which there is no other indication, which are mainly masculine.




= Varying gender

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In many cases the gender can vary, either because of regional differences or because the noun's gender is not firmly established.




Professions



Most job titles have both a masculine and feminine form that reflects the gender of the professional, similar to the English distinction between "waiter" and "waitress". Feminine job titles are usually created by adding -in to the grammatically masculine word in question. For example, the general grammatically masculine term for train driver is Lokführer (singular or plural). This yields the feminine form Lokführerin (plural: Lokführerinnen).
For job listings, if the generic masculine form is used, the Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache recommends adding an explanatory note "(männlich/weiblich/divers)" or "(m/w/d)", indicating the role is open to persons of all genders.




See also


German articles
German cases
German nouns




Notes






References






= Sources

=
Donaldson, Bruce (2007). German: An Essential Grammar. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-36602-1.
Durrell, Martin (2017). Hammer's German Grammar and Usage (6th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-85371-3.




Further reading


Diewald, Gabriele; Steinhauer, Anja (2017). Richtig gendern (in German). Duden. ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5.
Foster, Wendy; Christensen, Paulina; Fox, Anne (2013). German All-in-One For Dummies. Wiley. pp. 307–311. ISBN 978-1-118-49140-9.
Die Grammatik (in German) (9th ed.). Duden. 2016. pp. 156–172. ISBN 978-3-411-04049-0.




External links


Identifying a German Word’s Gender, For Dummies (on the Internet Archive).
Some Hints on How to Guess Gender, University of Michigan College of LSA (on the Internet Archive).
Gender of Nouns Archived 2021-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, Practical German.

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