• Source: Half-breed

Half-breed is a term, now considered offensive, used to describe anyone who is of mixed race, although in the United States, it usually refers to people who are half Native American and half European/white.




Use by governments






= United States

=

In the 19th century, the United States government set aside lands in the western states for people of American Indian and European or European American ancestry known as the Half-Breed Tract. The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation was established by the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830. In Article 4 of the 1823 Treaty of Fond du Lac, land was granted to the "half-breeds" of Chippewa descent on the islands and shore of St. Mary's River near Sault Ste. Marie.
Unusually for its time, under the 1850 Donation Land Claim Act, "half-breed Indians" were eligible for land grants in the Oregon Territory, as were married white women.




= Canada

=
During the Pemmican War trials that began in 1818 in Montreal regarding the destruction of the Selkirk Settlement on the Red River the terms Half-Breeds, Bois-Brulés, Brulés, and Métifs were defined as "Persons descended from Indian women by white men, and in these trials applied chiefly to those employed by the North-West Company".
The Canadian government used the term half-breed in the late 19th and early 20th century for people who were of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry. The North-West Half-Breed Commission established by the Canadian government after the North-West Rebellion also used the term to refer to the Métis residents of the North-West Territories. In 1885, children born in the North-West of Métis parents or "pure Indian and white parents" were defined as half-breeds by the commission and were eligible for "Half-breed" Scrip.
In Alberta the Métis formed the "Halfbreed Association of Northern Alberta" in 1932.




Geographical names


Halfbreed Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Halfbreed Lake in Montana




In popular culture


"Half-Breed" is a country and western song recorded by Marvin Rainwater in 1959, which reached #16 on the US Country Chart.
"Half-Breed" is a song recorded by Cher and released as a single in 1973. On October 6, 1973, it became Cher's second US number one hit as a solo artist, and it was her second solo single to hit the top spot in Canada on the same date.
Halfbreed is a memoir written by author Maria Campbell published in 1973. The book details her experience growing up as a Métis woman in Canada.




Further reading


Hudson, Charles. Red, White, and Black: Symposium on Indians in the Old South, Southern Anthropological Society, 1971. ISBN 9780820303086.
Perdue, Theda. Mixed Blood Indians, The University of Georgia Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8203-2731-X.




See also


Anglo-Metis
Métis people (Canada)
Métis people (United States)
Mixed blood
Half-caste
Quadroon




Notes






External links


Murray Parker: "The Half-breed Savage/ Quanah Parker", Texas Escapes
"Half-breed", Dictionary

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Winifred Westover
• 30 Below Zero
• Taman Perdamaian Internasional Waterton-Glacier
• Half-breed
• Halfbreed (album)
• Halfbreed (book)
• Maria Campbell
• Dragon Ball
• Keef Hartley
• Anglo-Métis
• The Seminole Halfbreeds
• Burt Reynolds
• Callie Cooke