• Source: Harari language

Harari is an Ethiopian Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia. Old Harari is a literary language of the city of Harar, a central hub of Islam in Horn of Africa. According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 25,810 people. Harari is closely related to the Eastern Gurage languages, Zay, and Silt'e, all of whom are believed to be linked to the now extinct Semitic Harla language. Locals or natives of Harar refer to their language as Gēy Sinan or Gēy Ritma 'language of the City' (Gēy is the word for how Harari speakers refer to the city of Harar, whose name is an exonym). According to Wolf Leslau, Sidama is the substratum language of Harari and influenced the vocabulary greatly. He identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari and deduced that it may have Cushitic roots.
Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language. Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin alphabet.




Phonology






Grammar






= Nouns

=



Number

Wolf Leslau discusses Harari–East Gurage phonology and grammar:
The noun has two numbers, singular and plural. The affix -ač changes singulars into plurals:

abōč 'a man'; abōčač 'men'
wandaq 'a servant'; wandaqač 'servants'
gar 'a house'; garač 'houses'
Nouns ending in a or i become plural without reduplicating this letter:

gafa 'a slave'; gafač 'slaves'
gubna 'a harlot'; gubnač 'harlots'
liği 'a son'; liğiyač 'sons'
qabri 'a grave'; qabriyač 'graves'
/s/ alternates with /z/:

färäz 'a horse'; färäzač 'horses'
iraaz 'toga'; iraazač 'togas'



Gender

Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into -it, or adds -it to the terminal consonant:

rágá 'an old man'; rágít 'an old woman'
buchí 'male dog'; buchít 'female dog'
wasíf 'a slave boy'; wasífít 'a slave girl'
Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process:

bárá 'an ox'; lám 'a cow'
The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of korma 'male or man' and inistí 'woman, female', corresponding to English "he-" and "she-":

korma faraz 'a stallion'; inistí faraz 'a mare'
korma baqal 'a he-mule'; inistí basal 'a she-mule'




= Pronouns

=

The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:
Singular.

1st Pers. – e, my or mine. : Gár-e, my house.
2nd Pers. – khá, thy or thine. Gár-khá, thy house.
3rd Pers. – zo, or – so, his. Gár-zo, his house.
Plural.

1st Pers. – zinya or sinya, our. : Gár-zinya, our house.
2nd Pers. – kho, your. Gár-kho, your house.
3rd Pers. – ziyu or siyu, their. Gár-ziyu, their house. (384)
In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:

Sit-ayn: give (thou to) me.
Sit-ana: give (thou to) us.
The demonstrative pronouns are:

Sing. Yí, this.
Yá', that.
Plur. Yíách, these.
Yá'ách, those.
The interrogative pronouns are the following:

Mántá: who?
Mintá: what?
Án atti'e hárkho: I myself went.
Akhákh attikha hárkhí: thou thyself wentest.
Azo attiizo hára: he himself went.




= Verbs

=
The following are the two auxiliary verbs:

Past tense

Sing. 1. I became: Án ikaní náarkho.
2. Thou becamest: Akhákh tikání nárkhí.
3. He became: Azo ikáni nárá.
Plur. 1. We became: Innách nikání nárná.
2. Ye became: Akhákhách tikání nárkhú.
3. They became: Aziyách ikání nárú.
Present tense

Sing. 1. I become: Án ikánákh.
2. Thou becomest: Akhákh tikánákh.
3. He becomes: Azo ikánál.
Plur. 1. We become: Inyách nikánáná.
2. Ye become: Akhákhách tikánákhu.
3. They become: Aziyách yikánálú.
Imperative

Become thou, "Kanni". Become ye, "Kánnú".
Prohibitive

Sing. 2. Become not, ikánnumekh.
Plur. 2. Become not ye, tikánnumekhu.
Past tense
(Affirmative form)

Sing. 1. I went, Án letkho.
2. Thous wentest, Akhákh letkhí.
3. He went, Azo leta.
Plur. 1. We went, Inyách letna.
2. Ye went, Akhákhách letkhú.
3. They went, Aziyách letú.
(Negative form)

Sing. 1. I went not, Án alletkhúm.
2. Thou wentest not, Akbákh alletkhím.
3. He went not, Azo alletám.
Plur. 1. We went not, Inyách aletnám.
2. Ye went not, Akhákách alletkhúm.
3. They went not, Azziyách alletúm.
Present tense.
(Affirmative form)

1. I go, Án iletákh 1. Inyásh niletáná.
2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhách tiletákhú.
3. He goes, Azo yiletál 3. Azziyách yiletálú.
(Negative form)

Sing. 1. I go not, Án iletumekh.
2. Thou goest not, Akhákh tiletumekh.
3. He goes not, Azo yiletumel.
Plur. 1. We go not, Inyách niletumena.
2. Ye go not, Akhákhach tiletumekhú.
3. They go not, Azziyách iletuelú.
Sing. 1. I will go, Án iletle halkho.
2. Thou wilt go, Akháhk tiletle halkhí.
3. He will go, Azo iletle hal.
Plur. 1. We will go, Inyách niletle halns.
2. Ye will go, Akhákhách tiletle halkhú.
3. They will go, Azziyách niletle halns.




Writing system


Harari was originally written in an unmodified and later modified Arabic Script. The Ethiopic script was then adopted to write Harari. There is a Latin version of the script used by the Harari diaspora.




= Modified Arabic script

=



Vowel markings table





= Modified Ge'ez script

=

Harari can be written in the unmodified Ethiopic script as most vowel differences can be disambiguated from context.
The Harari adaptation of the Ethiopic script adds a long vowel version of the Ethiopic/Amharic vowels by adding a dot on top of the letter.
In addition certain consonants are pronounced differently when compared to the Amharic pronunciation.
The table below shows the Harari alphasyllabary with the Romanized & IPA consonants along the rows and the Romanized vowel markings along the columns.




= Modified Latin script

=




Numerals


1. Ahad
2. Ko'ot
3. Shi'ishti
4. Haret
5. Ham'misti
6. Siddisti
7. Sa'ati
8. Su'ut
9. Zahtegn
10. Asir
11. Asra ahad
12. Asra ko'ot
13. Asra shi'ishti
14. Asra haret
15. Asra ham'misti
16. Asra siddisti
17. Asra sa'ati
18. Asra su'ut
19. Asra zahtegn
20. Kuya
30. Saasa
40. Arbîn
50. Hamsein
60. Sit'tin
70. Sa'ati asir
80. Su'ut asir
90. Zahtana
100. Baqla
1,000. Kum or Alfi




References






= Works cited

=
Garad, Abdurahman; Wagner, Ewald (1998). Harari-Studien : Texte mit Übersetzung, grammatischen Skizzen und Glossar (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03937-X.
Cerulli, Enrico. “La lingua e la storia di Harar” in Studi Etiopici, vol. I, 1936 (Roma).
Cohen, Marcel (1931). Etudes d'éthiopien méridional. Paris. pp. 243–354.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Andrew Cunningham (2011). Harari Harfi (PDF). State Library of Victoria and the Australian Saay Harari Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-10.
Gardner, Simon; Siebert, Ralph (2001). Sociolinguistic survey report of the Zay language area (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2002–024.
Leslau, Wolf (1937). "Contributions a l'etude du harari (Abyssinie meridionale)". Journal Asiatique. 229.
Leslau, Wolf (1958). The verb in Harari (South Ethiopic). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Leslau, Wolf (1965). Ethiopians speak: studies in cultural background. University of California Press. ISBN 9783515036573.
Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Ethiopie. 3 (1): 275–298. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310.
Mondon-Vidailhet, Casimir (1902). La langue Harari et les dialectes Ethiopies du Gouraghê. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Wagner, Ewald (1983). Harari-Texte in arabischer Schrift : mit Übersetzung und Kommentar. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.




External links



World Atlas of Language Structures information on Harari
Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Harari Language

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