• Source: Helianthemum

Helianthemum , known as rock rose, sunrose, rushrose, or frostweed, is a genus of about 110 species of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.
New World species formerly classified as Helianthemum have been transferred to genus Crocanthemum.




Description


These are usually shrubs or subshrubs, and some are herbaceous
annuals or perennials. The leaves are oppositely arranged, but some plants may have alternately arranged leaves along the upper stems. The flowers are solitary or borne in an array of inflorescence types, such as panicles, racemes, or headlike clusters. The flower has three inner sepals and two smaller outer sepals. It has five petals usually in shades of yellow, orange, or pink. The style at the center is tipped with a large stigma. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds.




Ecology


Helianthemum are known to form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi. In the Mediterranean they are associated with Terfeziaceae, the desert truffles. Together, plant and fungus may have a beneficial effect on the arid local landscapes, preventing soil erosion and desertification. Some symbiotic pairs include Helianthemum salicifolium and the truffle Tirmania nivea, and H. guttatum and T. pinoyi.
One of the most commonly observed mycorrhizae on Helianthemum is a member of a different family, Cenococcum geophilum. This fungus is not host-specific, and it often associates with oaks, as well. Some studies suggest that Helianthemum and oaks growing together in a habitat may "share" their mycorrhizae.
Helianthemum are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the large grizzled skipper and the silver-studded blue. The leaf miners Bucculatrix helianthemi and B. regaella both feed exclusively on Helianthemum sessiliflorum, as does Coleophora eupreta. C. ochrea is limited to Helianthemum, and C. bilineella and C. potentillae have been observed on the genus.




Cultivation


Several Helianthemum species, and the numerous hybrids and cultivars derived from them, are widely grown as ornamental plants, popular in rockeries. A broader range of colours is available among the cultivars, including bright salmon-pink to dark red. They are best grown in well-draining soil in full sun, and have a long flowering period from spring to summer. Numerous cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:




Species



112 species are accepted.

Helianthemum abelardoi Alcaraz
Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill.
Helianthemum aganae Marrero Rodr. & R.Mesa
Helianthemum aguloi Marrero Rodr. & R.Mesa
Helianthemum almeriense Pau
Helianthemum alypoides Losa & Rivas Goday
Helianthemum angustatum Pomel
Helianthemum antitauricum P.H.Davis & Coode
Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. – white rockrose
Helianthemum × asperilanceolatum Mateo, García Cardo & Mart.Labarga
Helianthemum asperum Lag. ex Dunal
Helianthemum assadii F.Ghahrem. & Gholamian
Helianthemum baschkirorum (Juz. ex Kupat.) Juz.
Helianthemum bilyanense Serra, J.C.Hern., M.Á.Alonso & M.B.Crespo
Helianthemum bramwelliorum Marrero Rodr.
Helianthemum broussonetii Dunal
Helianthemum buschii (Palib.) Juz. & Pozdeeva
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum Svent.
Helianthemum canariense (Jacq.) Pers.
Helianthemum canum (L.) Hornem.
Helianthemum capralense Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss.
Helianthemum × carmen-joanae Mansanet & Mateu
Helianthemum × carolipaui Cuatrec.
Helianthemum cinereoflavescens Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.
Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers.
Helianthemum cirae A.Santos
Helianthemum ciscaucasicum Juz. & Pozdeeva
Helianthemum citrinum Ghaz.
Helianthemum × conchitae Socorro & Aroza
Helianthemum concolor (L.Riley) J.G.Ortega
Helianthemum confertum Dunal
Helianthemum × coronadoi Mateo
Helianthemum coulteri S.Watson
Helianthemum crassifolium Pers.
Helianthemum × crespoi Mateo
Helianthemum croceum (Desf.) Pers.
Helianthemum cylindrifolium Verdc.
Helianthemum dagestanicum Rupr.
Helianthemum dianicum Pérez Dacosta, M.B.Crespo & Mateo
Helianthemum × digeneum Rouy & Foucaud
Helianthemum × doumerguei Faure
Helianthemum edetanum Mateo, Fabado & C.Torres
Helianthemum ellipticum (Desf.) Pers.
Helianthemum eriocephalum Pomel
Helianthemum × fabadoi Mateo
Helianthemum × finestratense Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.
Helianthemum geniorum Maire
Helianthemum germanicopolitanum Bornm.
Helianthemum getulum Pomel
Helianthemum glaucescens (Murb.) Tzvelev
Helianthemum gonzalezferreri Marrero Rodr.
Helianthemum gorgoneum Webb
Helianthemum grosii Pau & Font Quer
Helianthemum guerrae Sánchez-Gómez, J.S.Carrion & M.A.Carrión
Helianthemum × guiraoi Willk.
Helianthemum hadedense Thulin
Helianthemum × heerii Brügger
Helianthemum henriquezii Rebolé, A.Acev.-Rodr. & García García
Helianthemum hirtum (L.) Mill.
Helianthemum × hispidum Dunal
Helianthemum hymettium Boiss. & Heldr.
Helianthemum inaguae Marrero Rodr., Gonz.-Mart. & F.González
Helianthemum juliae Wildpret
Helianthemum kahiricum Delile
Helianthemum kotschyanum Boiss.
Helianthemum × lagunae Mateo
Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill.
Helianthemum leptophyllum Dunal
Helianthemum linii A.Santos
Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours.
Helianthemum × lucentinum M.B.Crespo & J.C.Cristóbal
Helianthemum lunulatum (All.) DC.
Helianthemum × mansanetianum Mateo
Helianthemum × mariano-salvatoris Alcaraz & al.
Helianthemum marifolium (L.) Mill.
Helianthemum maritimum Pomel
Helianthemum marminorense Alcaraz, Peinado & Mart.Parras
Helianthemum marmoreum Stevan., Matevski & Kit Tan
Helianthemum mathezii Dobignard
Helianthemum × monspessulanum Rouy & Foucaud
Helianthemum × montis-bovis Mateo
Helianthemum morisianum Bertol.
Helianthemum motae Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez & J.B.Vera
Helianthemum × moyense Mateo, García Cardo & Mart.Labarga
Helianthemum × murbeckii Faure
Helianthemum neopiliferum Muñoz Garm. & C.Navarro
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. – common rockrose
Helianthemum obtusifolium Dunal
Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) Dum.Cours. – alpine rockrose, hoary rockrose (syn. Helianthemum montanum)
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre (syn. H. alpestre)
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. italicum (syn. H. italicum)
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. oelandicum
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. orientale (syn. H. orientale)
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. rupifragum (syn. H. rupifragum)
Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) Dum.Cours.
Helianthemum ordosicum Y.Z.Zhao, Zong Y.Zhu & R.Cao
Helianthemum origanifolium (Lam.) Pers.
Helianthemum pannosum Boiss.
Helianthemum papillare Boiss.
Helianthemum patens Hemsl.
Helianthemum pergamaceum Pomel
Helianthemum × petrerense Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum polyanthum (Desf.) Pers.
Helianthemum polygonoides Peinado, Mart.Parras, Alcaraz & Espuelas
Helianthemum pomeridianum Dunal
Helianthemum × protodianicum J.M.Aparicio, Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum × pseudodianicum Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum pugae Calderón
Helianthemum raskebdanae M.A.Alonso, M.B.Crespo, Juan & L.Sáez
Helianthemum × rigualii M.B.Crespo & J.C.Cristóbal
Helianthemum rossmaessleri Willk.
Helianthemum rotundifolium Dunal
Helianthemum ruficomum (Viv.) Spreng.
Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill.
Helianthemum sancti-antoni Schweinf. ex Boiss.
Helianthemum sanguineum (Lag.) Dunal
Helianthemum sauvagei Raynaud
Helianthemum schweinfurthii Grosser
Helianthemum scopulicola L.Sáez, Rosselló & Alomar
Helianthemum sicanorum Brullo, Giusso & Sciandr.
Helianthemum sinuspersicum Gholamian & F.Ghahrem.
Helianthemum somalense J.B.Gillett
Helianthemum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
Helianthemum speciosum Thulin
Helianthemum squamatum (L.) Dum.Cours.
Helianthemum stipulatum (Forssk.) C.Chr.
Helianthemum strickeri Grosser
Helianthemum × subhispidulum Faure & Maire
Helianthemum × subviscosum Faure & Maire
Helianthemum × sulphureum Willd.
Helianthemum supramontanum Arrigoni
Helianthemum syriacum (Jacq.) Dum.Cours.
Helianthemum syrticum (Viv.) Spreng.
Helianthemum teneriffae Coss.
Helianthemum tholiforme Bramwell, J.Ortega & B.Navarro
Helianthemum thymiphyllum Svent.
Helianthemum × triregnorum Mateo
Helianthemum ventosum Boiss.
Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss.
Helianthemum violaceum (Cav.) Pers.
Helianthemum virgatum (Desf.) Pers.
Helianthemum viscarium Boiss. & Reut.
Helianthemum viscidulum Boiss.
Helianthemum × xixonense Pérez Dacosta & Mateo
Helianthemum zheguliense Juz. ex Tzvelev




References






External links



Flora Europaea: Helianthemum
eFloras search results for Helianthemum

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Cistaceae
• Flora Lebanon
• Kencana
• Helianthemum
• Helianthemum nummularium
• Helianthemum apenninum
• Helianthemum almeriense
• Helianthemum squamatum
• Acanthoscelides helianthemum
• Helianthemum guerrae
• Helianthemum marifolium
• Crocanthemum greenei
• Helianthemum gorgoneum