• Source: Heliconiinae

The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The colouration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
Most longwings are found in the Tropics, particularly in South America; only the Argynnini are quite diverse in the Holarctic. Especially tropical species feed on poisonous plants, characteristically Passifloraceae vines, as larvae, becoming poisonous themselves. The adult butterflies announce their acquired toxicity with strong aposematic colours, warning off would-be predators. There are several famous cases of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry both within this group and with other butterflies. Other commonly seen food plants are Fabaceae (which also contain several toxic species), and particularly among northerly species of Violaceae.




Systematics


Four or five tribes are generally recognized in the Heliconiinae. There have been numerous attempts to sort out the phylogenetic sequence and delimitation of these, but while the former has made good progress, the latter has hitherto only achieved limited results.
Several phylogenies (and corresponding taxonomic adjustments) have been proposed, but though looking reasonable each and every one of them is only weakly supported. Even cladistic analyses of the same type of data often yield contradicting results depending on the exact method of evaluation. Ultimately, the reason is that just a fraction of the evolutionary diversity of Heliconiinae has been sampled.
What appears fairly certain is that the Argynnini and Vagrantini are closer relatives than any other two tribes of Heliconiinae. The Acraeini and Heliconiini are probably more basal lineages, but the exact placement of each respective to the other tribes cannot be considered well resolved at all.

Some tribes are distributed among several continents, resulting in a confusing phylogeography pattern. But as it seems, the apparent contradictions between systematics and biogeography are due to the premature classifications based on insufficient taxon sampling. With studies becoming more and more comprehensive, the apparent anomalies seem to sort themselves out at least for the most part. For example, the confusing distribution pattern of Acraea in the wide circumscription is apparently simply due to the bulk of this morphologically conservative group warranting recognition as genus Telchinia – it stands to note that this group has on occasion been allied with Actinote rather than Acraea, and this indeed appears to be correct.
In addition, the genus Pardopsis, often placed in the Acraeini, does almost certainly not belong there; it is now tentatively placed in the Argynnini. The relationships of the genus Cethosia (sometimes treated as a tribe of its own) are even more mysterious, and it is likely that some other genera will eventually also be moved to a different tribe as they are studied in detail. Some, like the Argynnini Argynnis, Boloria and Issoria, might be overlumped and non-monophyletic and thus some genera presently usually considered junior synonyms of them might eventually be validated like Telchinia.




= Genera

=

Genera are presented in the presumed phylogenetic sequence. Notable species are also given if no genus article exists.
Acraeini Boisduval, 1833

Abananote Potts, 1943
Actinote Hübner, 1819
Altinote Potts, 1943
Acraea Fabricius, 1807 (paraphyletic)
Bematistes Hemming, 1935
Cethosia Fabricius, 1807 – lacewings
Miyana Fruhstorfer, 1914 (tentatively placed here)
Heliconiini Swainson, 1822

Agraulis Boisduval & Le Conte, 1835

Dione Hübner, 1819
Dryadula Michner, 1942 – banded orange
Dryas Hübner, [1807] – Julia heliconian
Eueides Hübner, 1816
Heliconius Kluk, 1780 – brush-foot butterflies
Philaethria Billberg, 1820
Podotricha Michener, 1942

Vagrantini Pinratana & Eliot, 1996

Lachnoptera Doubleday, 1847
Phalanta Horsfield, 1829
Smerina Hewitson, 1874
Vindula Hemming, 1934 – cruisers
Cirrochroa Doubleday, 1847
Algiachroa Parsons, 1989
Algia Herrich-Schäffer, 1864
Terinos Boisduval, 1836
Cupha Billberg, 1820
Vagrans Hemming, 1934
Argynnini Duponchel, 1835

Euptoieta Doubleday 1848
Pardopsis Trimen, 1887 (tentatively placed here)
Yramea Reuss 1920
Boloria Moore, 1900 (including Clossiana)
Issoria Hübner 1819
Brenthis Hübner 1819
Argynnis Fabricius 1807
Speyeria Scudder, 1872
Fabriciana Reuss, 1920




Footnotes






References


Brown, Keith S. Jr. (1981). The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: 427–456. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.002235 PDF fulltext Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
Miller, L.D. & Miller, J.Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook: 130. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
Savela, Markku (2008). Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Heliconiinae. Version of 2008-FEB-09. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
Silva-Brandão, Karina Lucas; Wahlberg, Niklas;, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos; Azeredo-Espin, Ana Maria L.; Brown, Keith S. Jr.; Paluch, Márlon; Lees, David C. & Freitas, André V.L. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe Acraeini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) and the evolution of host plant use. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(2): 515–531. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.024 (HTML abstract)
Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). Nymphalidae.net – The higher classification of Nymphalidae. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.




Further reading


Van Zandt Brower, A. (1994). Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 3:159-174. and other papers.
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001).
Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001).
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011).
Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008).
Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002).




External links



Tree of Life Heliconiinae Archived 2011-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
Heliconius Butterfly Website
Heliconius Genomics Project
Information about Heliconius
Heliconius charitonia, zebra longwing on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kupu-kupu sayap-panjang zebra
• Kupu-kupu biblis
• Kupu-kupu bidadari
• Nymphalidae
• Heliconius
• Daftar kupu-kupu Taiwan
• Heliconius numata
• Heliconiinae
• Gulf fritillary
• List of butterflies of North America (Nymphalidae)
• List of butterflies of Mexico
• List of butterflies of Ghana
• List of Lepidoptera of Michigan
• List of Lepidoptera of Indiana
• List of butterflies of Singapore
• List of butterflies of Europe (Nymphalidae)
• List of butterflies of Texas