• Source: Helopeltis

The genus Helopeltis, also sometimes known as mosquito bugs, is a group of heteropterans in the family Miridae (capsid bugs) and tribe Dicyphini. They include pests of various crops, including cacao, cashew, cotton and tea. Now in a different subgenus, or placed in its own genus. A number of Afropeltis species are pests in Africa.
Mosquito bugs have a characteristic spine on the scutellum, which is a diagnostic feature. Classification in the field is based on morphological characteristics, with considerable variations in colouration between insects of the same species (although for example, H. theivora is characteristically green and H. antonii red-brown).




Damage and distribution


With typical Hemipteran sucking mouthparts, they pierce plant tissues and cause damage ranging from leaf tattering and fruit blemishes, to complete death of shoots, branches or whole plants.
There has been evident speciation along the islands of the Malay Archipelago and there may be cryptic species in this genus. Helopeltis spp. sensu stricto are important 'new encounter' pests of SE Asian cocoa including:

H. antonii: India through to West Irian
H. bakeri: Malay Peninsula and Philippines
H. bradyi: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia
H. clavifer: Sabah and Papua New Guinea
H. collaris: Philippines
H. sulawesi: Sulawesi
H. sumatranus: Sumatra
H. theivora (with H. theobromae as a sub-species): India through to Java
Other cocoa Mirid pest species, very similar to Helopeltis, are the African species which were placed into Afropeltis by Schmitz (1968). These species usually have a lesser pests status than their Asian counterparts, with Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobromae causing greatest cocoa tree and crop damage in Central and West Africa. Monalonion species, belonging to the same tribe, are similarly minor pests of Latin American cocoa.




Species


The Catalogue of life currently (2023) lists:




= Afropeltis

=
Entwistle (1972) lists and maps ten species of Afropeltis attacking cocoa:

the A. bergrothi group:
A. bergrothi: widely distributed east of the Niger River
A. lalendei (= H. bergevini): very common, Ivory Coast to Nigeria
A. serendensis: Ivory Coast and probably Ghana
A. corbisieri: humid forest in central Africa
A. gerini: southern Cameroun
A. mayumbensis: north and east of the Congo River
A. poppiusi: widespread, but only found on cocoa in Ivory Coast
A. schoutedeni: the most widespread in tropical Africa
A. lemosi: São Tomé and Príncipe
A. westwoodi: widespread in west and central Africa




References






External links


Data related to Helopeltis at Wikispecies
Media related to Helopeltis at Wikimedia Commons
DropData cocoa pest guide
PestInfo wiki

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Jambu biji
• Cendawan entomopatogen
• Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia
• Helopeltis
• Helopeltis antonii
• Tea
• List of cacao diseases
• Cydnocoris
• Miridae
• Insect repellent
• Telenomus
• Theobroma cacao
• Cocoa production in Sri Lanka