• Source: Hepatotoxin

A hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato = liver) is a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver.
It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, or far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
The effects of hepatotoxins depend on the amount, point of entry and distribution speed of the [toxin], and on the health of the person.
Intrinsic hepatotoxins (type A) have a predictable, dose-dependent effect. Idiosyncratic (type B) hepatotoxic reactions are unpredictable, independent of dose, and appear to be determined by the individual exposed. Compounds that preferentially affect bile ducts are referred to as "cholestatic", one example being chlorpromazine. Those that target mostly the hepatocytes themselves are termed "hepatocellular", one example being paracetamol. "Mixed" toxicity, affecting both the bile ducts and hepatocytes, is not uncommon. Hepatocellular injury is clinically marked by a high ratio of ALT to ALP, and cholestatic injury by a lower ratio.




Hepatotoxic substances


α-amanitin, a deadly cellular toxin found in Amanita phalloides mushroom (death cap) - intrinsic
Aflatoxin - intrinsic
Ethanol - intrinsic
Halothane - idiosyncratic
Paracetamol - intrinsic
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, found in many plants in the Boraginaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae families - intrinsic
Luteoskyrin
Kava (disputed) - idiosyncratic
Allyl alcohol - intrinsic
Allopurinol - idiosyncratic
Amiodarone - idiosyncratic
Aroclor 1254
Arsenic - intrinsic
Carbamazepine - idiosyncratic
Carbon tetrachloride - intrinsic
Chlorpromazine - idiosyncratic
Cocaethylene
Diclofenac - idiosyncratic
Diethylnitrosamine
Dimethylformamide
Diquat
Etoposide
Indomethacin - idiosyncratic
Inhalants
Iproniazid (withdrawn) - idiosyncratic
Methapyrilene
Methotrexate
3-methylcholanthrene.
All penicillins - idiosyncratic
Sulfonamide antibiotics - idiosyncratic
Tricyclic antidepressants - idiosyncratic




See also


Mycotoxins
Hepatotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Hepatotoxin
• Kombucha
• Apetamin
• Chloroform
• Hepatotoxicity
• The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments
• Penicillin
• Chlorpromazine
• Arsenic
• Fish