• Source: Honda Group, Colombia

The Honda Group (Spanish: Grupo Honda, Tsh, Ngh) is a geological group of the Upper and Middle Magdalena Basins and the adjacent Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, in older literature also defined as formation, is in its present-day type section in the Tatacoa Desert in the department of Huila subdivided into two main formations; La Victoria and Villavieja.
The group was originally defined in and named after Honda, Tolima, but has been redefined based on the many fossil finds in the Tatacoa Desert, 250 kilometres (160 mi) to the south. In the original type section of its occurrence, the 3,255 metres (10,679 ft) thick group is subdivided into three formations, from old to young; Cambrás, San Antonio and Los Limones.
The group dates to the Neogene period; in its broadest definition from the Late Oligocene to Late Miocene, and in the redefined type section restricted to the Laventan age of the South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMA), equivalent to the Middle Miocene Serravallian epoch.
The Honda Group is a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte at the fossiliferous La Venta site in the department of Huila and eastern Tolima and hosts one of the richest formations containing Miocene fauna worldwide.




Etymology and definitions



The group was first defined by Hettner in 1892 in the area of the town after which it is named; Honda, Tolima. In 1942 and 1946, the group was defined as a formation by Royo and Gómez. The first author who used the name Honda for a group, was American zoologist who studied the La Venta fauna in detail, Ruben Arthur Stirton. Subdivisions of the group have been proposed by many different authors with high detail in the different beds. Names as "Monkey Beds", "Fish Beds" and "Unit above Fish Beds" have been colloquially used to designate certain stratigraphic units based on their fossil content. The most accepted definition of the group, formations and members was proposed by Villarroel et al. in 1996 to simplify the stratigraphy in a regional sense solving the excessive subdivision into 19 units by Guerrero et al. (1994).




Regional setting


Today, the sediments of the Honda Group are exposed in the Middle (Valle Medio del Magdalena, VMM) and Upper Magdalena Valley (Valle Superior del Magdalena, VSM) in an intermontane valley between the Central Ranges in the west and the Eastern Ranges in the east. The valley in between the two major orogenic chains is filled by the Magdalena River, the longest river of Colombia. The Upper Magdalena Valley geologically is subdivided into the Neiva Sub-basin with the Girardot Sub-basin of the southernmost Middle Magdalena Valley to the north, divided by the Natagaima Arch. The Neiva Sub-basin is bound by the Chusma Fault in the west and to the east by the west-verging Garzón Fault. The Mulato-Getudo Fault possibly underlies the Honda Group south of the La Miel River. The Tatacoa Desert, where the type section of the Honda Group has been redefined is an unusually dry region in Colombia, caused by a mountain induced rain-shadow effect. In Middle Miocene times, the geography was more comparable to the present eastern foothills of the Andes.
The tectonic history of the three mountain chains of Colombia, from west to east, the Western, Central and Eastern Ranges has been studied in detail. The Western and Central Ranges were the first to be exhumed in the Paleogene, with minor uplifts in the Eastern Ranges at this age. The onset of the regional uplift of the Eastern Ranges is dated around the Middle Miocene, with an increased rate of exhumation between 12 and 3 Ma. This caused a segmentation of the current Magdalena Basins and the Llanos Basin to the east, previously part of a larger foreland basin to the east of the Central Ranges. The León Formation in the Llanos Basin provides the first indication of the tectonic uplift of the Eastern Ranges, isolating the Llanos Basin from the Magdalena Valley.




Description






= Stratigraphy

=
The Honda Group unconformably overlies in parts the volcanic deposits of the Prado Member, Barzalosa Formation of the Payandé Group, and in other parts the Saldaña, and Santa Teresa Formations. The unit is overlain by the Neiva Formation of the Gigante Group. The presence of a hiatus between the Honda Group and the Barzalosa Formation has been suggested. The group is characterised by two main formations; the lower La Victoria Formation and upper Villavieja Formation. Previously, the La Dorada Formation has been named as a subdivision of the Honda Group, while other authors define that unit as a member. Other names for members and formations are Cerbatana Member, also published as Cervetana Member, named after Quebrada La Cerbatana, Las Mesitas Formation, El Líbano Formation, Baraya Volcanic Member, named after Baraya, and Cerro Colorado Red Bed Member. The Perico Member of the La Dorada Formation has been made equivalent to the La Victoria Formation, as well as the El Líbano Formation.



La Victoria Formation

This formation was first defined by Guerrero in his Master's thesis (1991) and further refined in his doctoral thesis in 1993. The type locality of the La Victoria Formation has been set in the La Venta area and the formation is named after the town of La Victoria, at 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-northeast of the urban centre of Villavieja. The formation, restricted to the Neiva Sub-basin, consists mainly of sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerates (75%) with intercalated claystones and siltstones (25%).
The upper part of the La Victoria Formation, underlying the Villavieja Formation, is characterised by a 45 metres (148 ft) section of conglomerates, designated the Cerbatana Member or Cerbatana Conglomerates. The conglomerate shows trough-cross lamination and imbrication of clasts in a predominantly matrix-supported sequence, with minor clast-supported sections. The base of the conglomerate marks an erosional surface into the underlying silt and clay beds. The clasts of the conglomerate are mostly milky quartz, chert and volcanic in origin, with diameters averaging around 7 centimetres (2.8 in) with a maximum of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). Conglomeratic and medium to coarse-grained sandstone banks, with a similar grain composition as the conglomerates, up to 2 metres (79 in) thick are intercalated between the conglomeratic sections. The sandstones are cemented by calcium carbonate in hardgrounds that sometimes form rounded concretions. The claystones and siltstones that are less commonly found in the La Victoria Formations range in thickness from 1 to 11 metres (3.3 to 36.1 ft) and show reddish-brown, greenish-grey and greyish colourations.



Villavieja Formation


The name Villavieja Formation was first proposed by Wellman in 1968 as a member of the Honda Formation. Two years later, the author elevated the rank to a formation, as part of the Honda Group. The formation takes its name from the municipality Villavieja, Huila, 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north-northeast of the departmental capital Neiva. The type locality is situated on the right bank of the Magdalena River in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.
The contact between the Villavieja Formation and the underlying La Victoria Formation is concordant. The basal part of the Villavieja Formation comprises siltstones and claystones that also form the bulk of the formation with 75 percent. The remaining quarter is composed of conglomeratic sandstones. The thickness of the siltstones and claystones can exceed 8 metres (26 ft) and have interspersed fine- to medium-grained 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thin sandstone beds. The fine sediments of the Villavieja Formation are coloured greenish, reddish-brown or bluish-grey and display weathering patterns in so-called "cauliflower erosion" structures. The light grey coarser beds, up to conglomeratic sandstone size, do not exceed 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in thickness and commonly show a lateral transition with the silt- and claystones. The Baraya Member of the Villavieja Formation shows thin yellowish and reddish brown sandstone and siltstone levels with volcaniclastic grains.



Honda area

The Honda Group extends for approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) from the Upper to the Middle Magdalena Basin and is exposed in various locations along the right and left banks of the Magdalena River. Outcrops along the road between Girardot and Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca show a lower sequence of thick beds of greenish-yellow feldspar- and mica-rich conglomeratic sandstones, intercalated with reddish claystones and an upper level of alternating medium-to-coarse grained quartz arenites with low-angle cross stratification. These sandstones are intercalated with thick layers of fissile claystones with common calcareous sandstone concretions. Sediments of the Honda Group restrict the course of the Sumapaz River to a narrow valley, close to its confluence with the Magdalena River.
The majority of the municipality Prado, Tolima rests upon sediments of the Honda Group. In the Middle Magdalena Basin and the eastern flank of the Central and the western flank of the Eastern Ranges, the group is subdivided into the Los Limones, San Antonio and Cambrás Formations. The total thickness of these formations in the northern original type section of the Honda Group reaches 3,255 metres (10,679 ft), while a total thickness of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) has been registered.




= Age

=
Thanks to the fossil abundance of the Honda Group at La Venta, the geological period of the sediments has received a separate name in the South American Mammal Ages (SALMA); Laventan, ranging from 13.8 to 11.8 Ma, as the only SALMA age defined north of the equator and in Colombia. The age of the Villavieja Formation has been estimated to be between 17.0 and 12.1 Ma, while the stratigraphically lower La Victoria Formation is dated at 13.82 to 12.38 Ma (Serravallian), based on fission track and volcanic analysis and paleomagnetic research.
The Honda Group is laterally time equivalent with the lower part of the Real Formation in the central and northern Middle Magdalena Basin, the lower part of the León Formation of the Llanos Basin, the upper range of the Ciénaga de Oro Formation of the Lower Magdalena Basin, and the Caja and Diablo Formations of the Llanos foothills.




= Depositional environment

=

The Honda Group has been deposited in a fluvial environment, with the lower part of the La Victoria Formation in a meandering setting, while the upper part was formed in a braided river system. The paleocurrent was from the west to the east and east-southeast. The overlying predominantly finer grained Villavieja Formation was deposited in a meandering setting of a smaller size than those of the older La Victoria Formation. Paleocurrent analysis of the sediments in the Baraya and Cerro Colorado Members has revealed a similar flow direction as the La Victoria paleorivers, while the upper part of the Cerro Colorado Member shows an opposite trend to the west. The volcanic clasts of the formations have as provenance the Central Range volcanism, of which the volcaniclastics in the Honda Group mark its onset.
The depositional boundary for the Honda Group in the east is formed by the reverse Prado-Suárez and Cambrás-Salinas-Cambao Faults.



Paleoclimate and vegetation

Analysis of the "Monkey Beds" of the Honda Group, provided estimates of annual precipitation levels between 1,500 and 2,000 millimetres (59 and 79 in). Today, these levels of rainfall are associated with the transition between savanna and forest environments in lowland South America. The vegetation of the La Venta fossil assemblage was diverse due to the different biomes of the depositional environment; meandering and braided river systems in a setting at lower altitudes than the present-day elevation of more than 400 metres (1,300 ft) above mean sea level. It has been suggested that the vegetational cover of the Honda Group sedimentary sequence was not a continuous canopy forest, yet a complex pattern of different flora ecosystems. The evergreen Amazonian foothill forests of today would therefore postdate the uplift of the Eastern Ranges of the Andes. Based on vegetational and grazer diversity analysis of the La Venta fauna, it has been suggested the ecosystem resembled more that of Africa and Asia than of the modern Neotropics. Research of the paleosols found in various levels within the Honda Group suggests the presence of arid areas in close proximity to pluvial parts.




= Petroleum geology

=
In the oil-producing Upper Magdalena Basin, the Honda Group is one of the reservoir formations, next to the more important Caballos and Monserrate Formations. Shales of the Honda Group function as seal rock for certain oilfields in the Upper Magdalena Basin. In the Tello Field in the basin, the Honda Group forms the overburden rock for the producing Monserrate reservoirs.




Fossil content



The Honda Group is the richest fossiliferous stratigraphic unit of Colombia, and one of the most important for the Miocene worldwide. At the La Venta site, numerous fossils of various orders have been recovered and are found still. The site marks a unique ecosystem showing a broad range of biodiversity. La Venta is also an important site as it represents the youngest uniquely South American faunal assemblage before the Great American Biotic Interchange; the result of the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, of which the initial phase has been dated at around 12 Ma. This led to a drastic alteration of the South American former island continental fauna. The Sparassodonta formed the dominant carnivorous mammal group in South America during most of the Cenozoic.
In South America, the carnivorous adaptive zone in terrestrial ecosystems was shared with other mammals; terror birds (Phorusrhacoidea), large crocodiles (Sebecidae), large snakes (Madtsoiidae and Boidae), and even occasionally frogs. The diversity of fossil freshwater fishes and crocodilians at La Venta is the richest assemblage of South America. Fossilised trunks of Goupioxylon sp. have been identified in the Honda Group.
The genus names Hondadelphys and Hondathentes, and the species epithets of Anadasypus hondanus and Scirrotherium hondaensis refer to the Honda Group. The giant sloth Brievabradys laventensis, the primate Stirtonia tatacoensis (originally described as Kondous laventicus), and the marsupial Micoureus laventicus were named after La Venta, while the primates Miocallicebus villaviejai and Stirtonia victoriae received their species epithets from the formations comprising the Honda Group.




= Mammals

=



Chiroptera




Marsupials

Didelphimorphia

Microbiotheria

Sparassodonta

Paucituberculata



Primates




Astrapotheria




Panperissodactyla

Litopterna

Notoungulata



Rodent




Sirenia




Xenarthra

Pilosa

Cingulata




= Birds

=




= Reptiles and amphibians

=
Crocodilians

Turtles

Snakes

Lizards

Frogs




= Fish and crustaceans

=




Panorama






Regional correlations



Legend




= Laventan correlations

=




See also


Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Iberia




Sources






= Notes

=




= References

=




= Bibliography

=



General

Villamil, Tomas (2012). Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia (Report). Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). pp. 161–216.
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009). Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas (Report). Universidad Industrial de Santander. pp. 1–219.
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007). Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal (Report). ANH. pp. 1–92.
Cooper, M.A.; Addison, F.T.; Álvarez, R.; Coral, M.; Graham, R.H.; Hayward, A.B.; Howe, S.; Martínez, J.; Naar, J.; Penas, R; Pulham, A.J.; Taborda, A. (1995). "Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia". AAPG Bulletin. 79: 1421–1443.



Llanos Basin

Duarte, Edward; Bayona, German; Jaramillo, Carlos; Parra, Mauricio; Romero, Ingrid; Mora, Josué Alejandro (2017). "Identificación de los máximos eventos de inundación marina Miocenos y su uso en la correlación y análisis de la cuenca de antepaís de los Llanos Orientales, Colombia". Boletín de Geología. 39: 19–40. doi:10.18273/revbol.v39n1-2017001. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Villamizar, Fanny Johanna; Castillo, Luis Antonio (2016). "Análisis sismoestratigráfico y secuencial del sector suroeste de la cuenca de los Llanos Orientales (Colombia)". Boletín de Geología. 38 (2): 55–69. doi:10.18273/revbol.v38n3-2016004. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Bayona, G.; Cortés, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Ojeda, G.; Aristizabal, J.; Reyes, A. (2007). "La deformación pre-Neogéna de la Cordillera Oriental definida por depósitos de antepaís". Boletín de Geología. 29: 51–59. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
González Uribe, G.; García Bautista, D.; Mantilla Figueroa, L.; Rodríguez Rincón, J. (2007). "Hidrodinámica e hidrogeoquímica del Piedemonte Llanero Colombiano: Hipótesis de rutas de migración a partir de técnicas hidrogeológicas". Boletín de Geología. 29: 75–84. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
González Iregui, Humberto; Duque Pineda, Jorge; Rincón, Juan Pablo; Castro Rodríguez, Wilmar; Suárez Gómez, Alejandro; Peláez Mejía, Carolina; Vélez Giraldo, Wilson; Dávila Bolívar, Cristina (2015). Geología de la Plancha 173 - Támara - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–139. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 177 - Río Agua Clara - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–108.
Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella (2001). Geología de la Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–52.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 304 - La Uribe - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–102.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 348 - Serranía de la Macarena - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–101.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2011). Geología de la Plancha 350 - San José del Guaviare - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–165.



Basement

Manosalva Sánchez, Sandra Rocío; Naranjo Merchán, Wilson Enario; Ríos Reyes, Carlos Alberto; Amorocho Parra, Ricardo; Castellanos Alarcón, Oscar Mauricio (2017). "Estudio petrogenetico de las rocas metamorficas del Macizo de Floresta, Cordillera Oriental, Andes Colombianos". Boletín de Geología. 39: 83–103. doi:10.18273/revbol.v39n1-2017004. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Bonilla, Amed; Frantz, José Carlos; Charão Marques, Juliana; Cramer, Thomas; Franco, José Alejandro; Amaya, Zeze (2016). "Magmatismo rapakivi en la cuenca media del río Inírida, departamento de Guainía, Colombia". Boletín de Geología. 38: 17–32. doi:10.18273/revbol.v38n1-2016001. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Toro Toro, Luz Mary; Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley (2014). "Metagabro del Ariari, Plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia". Boletín de Geología. 36: 15–24. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Arango Mejía, María Isabel; Zapata García, Gilberto; Martens, Uwe (2012). "Caracterización petrográfica, geoquímica y edad de la Sienita Nefelínica de San José del Guaviare". Boletín de Geología. 34: 15–26. Retrieved 2019-10-26.



= 'Paleozoic'
=
Mantilla Figueroa, Luis C.; García Ramírez, Carlos A.; Valencia, Víctor A. (2016). "Propuesta de escisión de la denominada 'Formación Silgará' (Macizo de Santander, Colombia), a partir de edades U-Pb en circones detríticos". Boletín de Geología. 38: 33–50. doi:10.18273/revbol.v38n1-2016002. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Jesus Gómez Cruz, Arley de; Castillo González, Hardany (2008). "Graptolitos del Ordovícico y geología de los afloramientos del Río Venado (norte del Departamento del Huila)" (PDF). Boletín de Geología. 30: 9–19. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
Borrero, C.; Sarmiento, G.N.; Gómez González, C.; Gutiérrez Marco, J.C. (2007). "Los Conodontos de la Formación El Hígado y su contribución al conocimiento del metamorfismo y la paleogeografía del Ordovícico en la Cordillera Central Colombiana". Boletín de Geología. 29: 39–46. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
Villarroel A., C.; Macia S., C.; Brieva B, J. (1997). "Formación Venado, nueva unidad litoestratigráfica del Ordovícico colombiano". Geología Colombiana. 22: 41–49. Retrieved 2019-03-07.



= 'Jurassic'
=
Correa Martínez, Ana María; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Arango, María Isabel; Zapata García, Gilberto (2019). "Petrografía, geoquímica y geocronología U-Pb de las rocas volcánicas y piroclásticas de la Formación Noreán al NW del Macizo de Santander, Colombia". Boletín de Geología. 41: 29–54. Retrieved 2019-10-31.



Maps

National
Mapa de Tierras (PDF) (Report). ANH. 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
Gómez Tapias, Jorge; Montes Ramírez, Nohora E.; Almanza Meléndez, María F.; Alcárcel Gutiérrez, Fernando A.; Madrid Montoya, César A.; Diederix, Hans (2015). Geological Map of Colombia (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–212. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
Regional
Reyes, Germán; Cardozo, Ana Milena (1999). Mapa Geológico de Arauca 1:250,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
Acosta, Jorge; Ulloa, Carlos; García, Pilar; Solano, Orlando (1999). Mapa Geológico de Cundinamarca (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
Rodríguez, Antonio José (2002). Mapa Geológico del Meta 1:500,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-09-21.



Llanos Basin

Fúquen, Jaime; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pedraza, Andrea; Marín, Edwin (2010). Plancha 99 - Villa del Rosario - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Royero, José María; Zambrano, J.; Daconte, Rommel; Mendoza, H.; Vargas, Rodrigo (1999). Plancha 111 - Toledo - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
López, Carolina; Dávila, Camilo; González, Francisco; Parra, Eduardo; Chaquea, Claudia; Ojeda, Carolina; Q., Carlos; Espinel, Valentina; Lancheros, José A. (2011). Plancha 139 - Betoyes - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
López, Carolina; Dávila, Camilo; González, Francisco; Parra, Eduardo; Chaquea, Claudia; Ojeda, Carolina; Q., Carlos; Espinel, Valentina; Lancheros, José A. (2011). Plancha 155 - Puerto Rondón - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 177 - Río Agua Clara - 1:100,000 (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1.
Ulloa, Carlos E; Escovar, Ricardo; Pacheco, Adolfo H. (2009). Plancha 230 - Monterrey - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella; Marín, Pedro (1998). Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Duarte, Rafael; Moreno, Mauricio; Morales, Carlos Julio; Villegas, Henry; Alvarado, Sonia; Téllez, Milena; Pacheco, Sonia; Rojas, Nadia (2010). Plancha 267 - Pachaquiaro - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 284 - Santana - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 348 - Serranía de la Macarena - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 350 - San José del Guaviare - 1:100,000 (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1.



Catatumbo Basin

Daconte, Rommel; Salinas, Rosalba; Royero, José María; Clavijo, Jairo; Arias, Alfonso; Carvajal, Luz S.; López, Martín E.; Angarita, Leonidas; Mendoza, Hernando (2009). Plancha 66 - Miraflores - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Daconte, Rommel; Salinas, Rosalba (1980). Plancha 76 - Ocaña - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso (1981). Plancha 86 - Ábrego - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.



Eastern Cordillera

García, Helbert; Jiménez, Giovanny (2016). "Structural analysis of the Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)". Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 39 (39): 21–32. doi:10.15446/rbct.n39.50333.
Montaña Cárdenas, Jorge Hernando (2015). Análisis de deformaciones y modelo estructural del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (PDF) (MSc thesis). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. pp. 1–57. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Caballero, Victor M.; Reyes Harker, Andrés; Mora, Andrés; Ruiz, Carlos F.; Parra, Felipe de la (2013). Cenozoic Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Foreland System in Colombia and Implications on the Petroleum Systems of the Llanos Basin (Report). AAPG International Conference, Cartagena, Colombia. pp. 1–24.
Schütz, Christian (2012). Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc thesis). Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo. pp. 1–161.
Pinto Valderrama, Jorge Eduardo; Mora Ortiz, José Pedro; Reátiga Tarazona, Gloria; Rey Pilonieta, Jorge Alberto; Toloza Hormiga, Silvia Johana; Torres Coronado, Diego Andrés; Vargas Mojica, David Ricardo; Zafra Manrique, Cristian Julián (2010). Geología del Piedemonte Llanero en la Cordillera Oriental, departamentos de Arauca y Casanare (PDF) (Report). INGEOMINAS & Universidad Industrial de Santander. pp. 1–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Cortés, Martín; García, Diego; Bayona, Germán; Blanco, Yolima (2009). Timing of oil generation in the Eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia based on kinematic models; implications in the Llanos Foothills and Foreland charge (Report). Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofisicos del Petróleo (ACGGP). pp. 1–8.
Parra, Mauricio; Mora, Andrés; Sobel, Edward R.; Strecker, Manfred R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; O'Sullivan, Paul B.; González, Román (2008). Cenozoic Orogenic Growth of the North Andes: Shortening and Exhumation Histories of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Report). AAPG Annual Convention, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 1–27.
Sarmiento Rojas, L.F.; Van Wees, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006). "Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 21 (4). Elsevier: 383–411. Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..383S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.003.
Cartografía geológica cuenca Cordillera Oriental - Sector Soapaga (PDF) (Report). ANH. 2006. pp. 1–239. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José; Solano Silva, Orlando (2000). Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa (PDF) (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–120. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001). Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Reyes, Germán; Montoya, Diana; Terraza, Roberto; Fuquen, Jaime; Mayorga, Marcela; Gaona, Tatiana; Etayo, Fernando (2008). Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1−126.
Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001). Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–80.
Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana; Reyes, Germán; Moreno, Giovanni; Fúquen, Jaime; Torres Jaimes, Eliana; López Cardona, Myriam; Nivia Guevara, Álvaro; Etayo Serna, Fernando (2013). Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–296. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Patiño, Alejandro; Fuquen, Jaime; Ramos, Julián; Pedraza, Andrea; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pinzón, Lyda; Jerónimo, Yadira; Álvarez, Leidy; Torres, Andrea (2011). Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Daconte B., Rommel; Salinas E, Rosalba (1982). Plancha 122 - Río Cobugón - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso; Jaramillo, Luis; Tellez, Noel (1984). Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Escovar, Ricardo (1998). Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Moreno, Giovanni; Buitrago, José A.; Pérez, Adrián; Montoya, Diana María (2010). Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Terraza M., Roberto; Etayo, Fernando (1998). Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 284 - Santana - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.



Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM)

Fuquen M., Jaime Alberto; Osorno M, José Fernando (2002). Geología de la Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–88.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; et al. (2002). Geología de las Planchas 367 Gigante, 368 San Vicente del Caguán, 389 Timaná, 390 Puerto Rico, 391 Lusitania (parte noroccidental) y 414 El Doncello (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–164.
Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999). Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Carvajal, Cesar; Fuquen, Jaime; Gómez, Luis (1993). Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Cossio, Ubaldo; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Rodríguez, Miguel (1995). Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Fuquen, Jaime; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Cossio, Ubaldo; Núñez, Alberto (1993). Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002). Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1.
Ferreira, Paulina; Núñez, Alberto; Rodríguez, Miguel (1998). Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Marquínez, Germán; Morales, C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999). Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Velandia, F.; Morales, C.J.; Caicedo, J.C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999). Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 347 - Espelda Nuevo - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Ferreira, Paulina; Velandia, Francisco; Núñez, Alberto (1998). Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003). Plancha 367 - Gigante - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.



Caguán-Putumayo Basin

Núñez Tello, Alberto (2003). Cartografía geológica de las zonas Andina Sur y Garzón-Quetame (Colombia) - Memoria explicativa de las planchas 411 La Cruz, 412 San Juan de Villalobos, 430 Mocoa, 431 Piamonte, 448 Monopamba, 449 Orito y 465 Churuyaco (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–298.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003). Plancha 368 - San Vicente del Caguán - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 369 - Los Pozos - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Cárdenas, Jorge; Fuquen, Jaime; Núñez, Alberto (2002). Plancha 388 - Pitalito - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003). Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003). Plancha 391 - Lusitania - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002). Plancha 412 - San Juan de Villalobos - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003). Plancha 414 - El Doncello - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Plancha 415 - Ríonegro - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Map). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002). Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002). Plancha 431 - Piamonte - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002). Plancha 448 - Monopamba - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002). Plancha 449 - Orito - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.




See also






Notes






References






= Bibliography

=



Regional geology

Acosta Garay, Jorge E.; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2002). Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–108. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Álvarez Rincón, Eduardo; Bermúdez Arenas, Germán Rafael; Castillo Ramos, Lisette Daiyana (2017). Elaboración del estudio de prefactibilidad para el montaje de una planta agroindustrial para la producción de carne de pescado en el municipio de Ricaurte, Cundinamarca (Report). Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito. pp. 1–264.
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007). Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal (Report). ANH. pp. 1–92.
Carrera Ortíz, Daniela (2015). Sección balanceada del flanco occidental de la Cordillera Oriental en las inmediaciones de los municipios Villarrica y Cunday en la sub-cuenca de Girardot, Valle Superior del Magdalena (PDF) (Report). EAFIT. pp. 1–68. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009). Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas (Report). Universidad Industrial de Santander. pp. 1–219.
González, Humberto (2001). Geología de las planchas 206 Manizales y 225 Nevado del Ruíz - Memoria Explicativa (PDF) (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–93. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Jiménez Díaz, Giovanny J.; Rico, Jhon; Bayona, Germán; Montes, Camilo; Rosero, Alexis; Sierra, Daniel (2012). "Analysis of curved folds and fault/fold terminations in the southern Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 39: 184–201. Bibcode:2012JSAES..39..184J. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.006.
Kroonenberg, Salomon B.; Pichler, Hans; Diederix, Hans (1982). "Cenozoic alkalibasaltic to ultrabasic volcanism in the uppermost Magdalena Valley, Southern Huila Department, Colombia". Geología Norandina. _: 19–26. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Parra, Mauricio (2008). Cenozoic foreland-basin evolution in the northern Andes: insights from thermochronology and basin analysis in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia (PhD thesis). Universität Potsdam. pp. 1–131.
De Porta, Jaime (2003). "La formación del istmo de Panamá - su incidencia en Colombia". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. XXVII: 191–216.
Ramón, Juan Carlos; Vidal, Gloria; Rosero, Alexis; Gómez, Pilar; Borja, Hubert (2001). "Revaluación del modelo geológico del Campo Tello (Valle Superior del Magdalena) y sus implicaciones en el programa de desarrollo" (PDF). Geología Colombiana. 26: 59–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
Sánchez, Javier; Horton, Brian K.; Tesón, Eliseo; Mora, Andrés; Ketcham, Richard A.; Stockli, Daniel F. (2012). "Kinematic evolution of Andean fold-thrust structures along the boundary between the Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia". Tectonics. 31 (3): 1–24. Bibcode:2012Tecto..31.3008S. doi:10.1029/2011TC003089. S2CID 134888426.
Torres, Emilio J; Marfurt, Kurt J.; Molinares, Carlos (2012). Seismic characterization of delta front sand bodies in Lower Magdalena Valley basin and their potentiality as reservoirs in Cienaga de Oro Formation, Colombia (Report). SEG Las Vegas 2012 Annual Meeting. pp. 1–5.
Triviño Torres, Julio Alberto (1993). "Interpretación geotectónica e ingenieril en las subcuencas de Honda y Girardot, en imágenes de sensores remotos". Ingenería, Docencia e Investigación. _: 24–36.
Villegas, M.E; Bachu, Stefan; Ramon, J.C.; Underschultz, J.R. (1994). "Flow of Formation Waters in the Cretaceous–Miocene Succession of the Llanos Basin, Colombia". AAPG Bulletin. 78: 1843–1862.
N., N. Geología del Río Prado (Report). CORTOLIMA. pp. 162–194.



Local geology

ANi and, Infracon (2015). Proyecto de asociación público de iniciativa privada ampliación tercer carril doble calzada Bogotá-Girardot (PDF) (Report). Geotúneles Boma Inpasa. pp. 1–231. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
Flórez M., María T.; Parra S., Luis N.; Jaramillo J., Daniel F.; Jaramillo M, José M. (2013). "Paleosuelos del Mioceno en el Desierto de la Tatacoa". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. XXXVII: 229–244.
Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H. (1997). "Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America)". Journal of Human Evolution. 32 (2–3): 161–199. Bibcode:1997JHumE..32..161K. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0104. PMID 9061556. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
López Quintero, Martha Isabel (2007). Structural analysis of an area in the Neiva Sub-basin, Upper Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia (MSc thesis). Colorado School of Mines. pp. 1–85.
Villarroel A., Carlos; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Brieva, Jorge; Macia, Carlos (1996). "Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy. 58: 41–66. Retrieved 2017-05-04.



Paleontology

Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Vanegas, Andrés; Jaramillo, Carlos; Cottle, John M.; Johnson, Thomas A. (2019). "A new Miocene turtle from Colombia sheds light on the evolutionary history of the extant genus Mesoclemmys Gray, 1873". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (5): e1716777. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E6777C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1716777. S2CID 214520220.
Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos; Páramo, María E. (2008). "New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1206–1212. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1206C. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1206. S2CID 84467479. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Croft, Darin A (2007). "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 277–303. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50..277C. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x. S2CID 140161482.
Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Takai, Masanaru; Naeher, Tiffany M.; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2003). "Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia" (PDF). Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales. XXVII: 263–282. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Defler, Thomas (2004). Historia natural de los primates colombianos (PDF). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. pp. 1–613. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
De la Fuente, Marcelo; Sterli, Juliana; Maniel, Ignacio (2013). Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–168. ISBN 9783319005188. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Hoffstetter, Robert (1971). Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados (PDF) (Report). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. pp. 37–62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Hsiou, Annie S.; Albino, Adriana M.; Ferigolo, Jorge (2010). "Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 365–379. doi:10.4202/app.2009.1111. S2CID 56399258.
Lundberg, John G.; Chernoff, Barry (1992). "A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications" (PDF). Biotropica. 24 (1): 2–16. Bibcode:1992Biotr..24....2L. doi:10.2307/2388468. JSTOR 2388468. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Marshall, Larry G (1976). "New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (3): 402–418. JSTOR 1303521. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997). "Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 102 (3): 407–427. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R. PMID 9098507. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Miller, Alden H (1953). "A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia" (PDF). Auk. 70 (4): 484–495. doi:10.2307/4081360. JSTOR 4081360. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011). "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia". The Anatomical Record. 294 (12): 2013–2023. doi:10.1002/ar.21504. PMID 22042718. S2CID 12375473.
Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio (2010). "Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia" (PDF). Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales. 34: 253–256. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Rasmussen, Tab (1997). Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia (Report). Smithsonian Institution Press.
Rosenberger, A.L.; Setoguchi, T.; Hartwig, W.C. (1991). "Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (6): 2137–2140. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.2137R. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2137. PMC 51184. PMID 1900937.
Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988). "A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia" (PDF). Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys. 6: 1–6. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Setoguchi, T (1985). "Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America". Folia Primatol. 44 (2): 96–101. doi:10.1159/000156200. PMID 4043876. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Stirton, R.A (1953). "A new genus of interatheres from the Miocene of Colombia". California University Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin. 29: 265–347. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Goin, Franciso J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015). "Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e1029581: 1–10. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001). "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae". Anthropological Science, Tokyo. 109 (4): 289. doi:10.1537/ase.109.289.
Takai, Masanaru; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Villarroel A., Carlos; Cadena G., Alberto; Shigehara, Nobuo (1991). "A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy. 56: 1–9. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013). "Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini" (PDF). Revista del Museo de La Plata. 20: 20–39. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; Carrillo, J.D.; Moreno Bernal, J.W.; Pardo Jaramillo, M.; Rodríguez González, D.F.; Muñoz Duran, J. (2015). "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia" (PDF). Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. 35 (2): e903960. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3960V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960. S2CID 130728894. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Villarroel A., Carlos S (2000). "Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae" (PDF). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. 24: 117–127. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Villarroel A., Carlos S (1997). "La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia". Geología Colombiana. 22: 139–149. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
Wheeler, Brandon (2010). "Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness" (PDF). Primates. 51 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0181-y. PMID 20037832. S2CID 2232287.



Maps

Barrero L., Darío; Vesga O, Carlos J. (2009). Plancha 188 - La Dorada - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Barrero, Darío; Vesga, Carlos J. (2010). Plancha 207 - Honda - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Barrero, Darío; Vesga, Carlos J. (2010). Plancha 226 - Líbano - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Torres, Oscar; Solano, Frank (1999). Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Nuñez, Alberto; Mosquera, Dario; Vesga, Carlos J. (2009). Plancha 263 - Ortega - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Terraza, Roberto (2000). Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Carvajal, Cesar; Fuquen, Jaime; Gómez, Luis (1993). Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Cossio, Ubaldo; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Rodríguez, Miguel (1995). Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Fuquen, Jaime; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Cossio, Ubaldo; Núñez, Alberto (1993). Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002). Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1.
Ferreira, Paulina; Núñez, Alberto; Rodríguez, Miguel (1998). Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Marquínez, Germán; Morales, C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999). Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Velandia, F.; Morales, C.J.; Caicedo, J.C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999). Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Ferreira, Paulina; Velandia, Francisco; Núñez, Alberto (1998). Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000 (Map). INGEOMINAS. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003), Plancha 367 - Gigante - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06




External links



(in Spanish) Faunas del Cenozoico de Colombia
(in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - aspectos geológicos

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