• Source: IARC group 1

      • IARC group 1 Carcinogens are substances, chemical mixtures, and exposure circumstances which have been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (chemical mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
      This list focuses on the hazard linked to the agents. This means that while carcinogens are capable of causing cancer, it does not take their risk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogen.
      The list is up to date as of January 2024.


      Agents




      = Infectious conditions

      =


      Viruses


      Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
      Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
      Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59
      Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
      Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
      Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
      Epstein–Barr virus


      Bacterium


      Helicobacter pylori (infection with)


      Worms


      Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
      Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
      Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)


      = Chemical substances

      =
      Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
      Acrylonitrile
      Aflatoxins
      4-Aminobiphenyl
      Aristolochic acids, and plants containing them
      Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
      Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)
      Azathioprine
      Benzene
      Benzidine, and dyes metabolized to
      Benzo[a]pyrene
      Beryllium and beryllium compounds
      1,3-Butadiene
      1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
      Cadmium and cadmium compounds
      Chlornapazine (N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
      Chlorambucil
      Bis(chloromethyl)ether
      Chloromethyl methyl ether
      Chromium(VI) (Hexavalent chromium) compounds
      Ciclosporin
      Cyclophosphamide
      1,2-Dichloropropane
      Diethylstilboestrol
      Erionite
      Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
      Ethylene oxide
      Etoposide alone, and in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
      Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
      Formaldehyde
      Gallium arsenide
      Lindane
      Melphalan
      Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
      4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
      MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
      Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
      2-Naphthylamine
      Nickel compounds
      4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
      N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
      2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
      3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
      Pentachlorophenol
      Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), evaluated 2023
      Polychlorinated biphenyls
      Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]
      Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
      Tamoxifen
      2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
      Thiotepa (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
      Treosulfan
      Trichloroethylene
      o-Toluidine
      Vinyl chloride


      = Radiations and physical agents thereof

      =
      Ionizing radiation (all types)
      Neutron radiation
      Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
      Plutonium
      Radioiodines, including iodine-131
      Nuclear fission products, including strontium-90
      Radionuclides, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited
      Radionuclides, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited
      Radium-224 and its decay products
      Radium-226 and its decay products
      Radium-228 and its decay products
      Radon-222 and its decay products
      Solar radiation
      Thorium-232 and its decay products
      Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)
      X-ray and gamma radiation


      = Complex mixtures/agents

      =
      Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
      Outdoor air pollution
      Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in
      Alcoholic beverages
      Areca nut, also known as betel nut
      Betel quid with or without tobacco
      Coal-tar pitch
      Coal-tars (see Coal-tar distillation)
      Engine exhaust, diesel
      Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
      Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)
      Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal NB There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for estrogen-only menopausal therapy in humans and colorectal cancer. An inverse association has been observed between estrogen-only menopausal therapy and cancer of the colorectum.
      Leather dust
      Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
      Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
      Plants containing aristolochic acid
      Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)
      Processed meat (consumption of)
      Salted fish, Chinese-style
      Shale-oils
      Soot, as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps
      Wood dust


      = Exposure circumstances

      =
      Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
      Acid mists, strong inorganic
      Aluminium production
      Auramine production
      Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (see Leather dust, Benzene)
      Chimney sweeping (see Soot)
      Coal gasification
      Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
      Coal-tar distillation
      Coke production
      Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)
      Furniture and cabinet making (see Wood dust)
      Haematite mining (underground)
      Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
      Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
      Magenta production
      Opium consumption
      Painter (occupational exposure as a)
      Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch (see Coal-tar pitch)
      Rubber manufacturing industry
      Tobacco, smokeless
      Tobacco smoke, second-hand
      Tobacco smoking
      Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
      Welding fumes and UV radiation


      See also


      IARC group 2A
      IARC group 2B
      IARC group 3


      Notes




      References




      External links


      Description of the list of classifications Archived 2013-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, IARC
      List of Classifications (latest version)
      List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)
      Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123 (Last update: 25 March 2019)

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