• Source: Initial sound rule

      • Initial sound rule (Korean: 두음법칙; Hanja: 頭音法則; RR: dueum beopchik ) is series of changes to hangul, the writing system for the Korean language, made in South Korea to better reflect modern Korean phonology. The changes affect syllable-initial ㄹ r and ㄴ n sounds in Sino-Korean vocabulary under certain conditions. North Korea orthography does not recognize this rule, making it one of a number of North–South differences in the Korean language.


      Background



      In native Korean words, ㄹ r does not occur word initially, unlike in Chinese loans. As confirmed in literature from as early the 16th century, pronunciation of these Sino-Korean words had been nativized enough that these new sounds began to be reflected. In the 17th century, the original version of Hendrick Hamel's book also records place names that reflect the rules of pronunciation, such as Naedjoo for Naju (hanja: 羅州) and Jeham for Yeongam (hanja: 靈巖). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were also cases where the surname Lee was also romanized as "Ye", "Yi", etc.
      Thus, professor emeritus Ryeo Jeoung-dong (Ko: 려증동)'s claim that the initial sound rule and the final consonant notation was first organized in the Korean spelling system for elementary schools in 1912 during the Japanese colonial period is not true. Professor emeritus Ryeo Jeoung-dong of the Department of Korean Literature at Gyeongsang National University is South Korea's representative proponent of the abolition of the initial sound rule.
      In modern Korean, the South Korean standard language recognizes the initial sound rule except for a few conditions. While the North Korean standard language briefly adhered to the initial sound rule, it soon abandoned it. North Korea does not adhere to the rule today except in a few cases, and instead uses the earlier spellings of the Sino-Korean vocabulary.


      Specific rules made by the National Institute of Korean Language


      The National Institute of Korean Language made three rules regarding initial sounds:

      When the Chinese consonants "nyeo, nyo, nyu, ni" appear at the beginning of a word, they are written as "yeo, yo, yu, i" according to the rule of initial sounds.
      When the Chinese consonants "rya, ryeo, rye, ryo, ryu, ri" appear at the beginning of a word, they are written as "ya, yeo, ye, yo, yu, i" according to the rule of initial sounds.
      When the Chinese consonants "ra, rae, ro, roe, ru, reu" appear at the beginning of a word, they are written as "na, nae, no, noe, nu, neu" according to the rule of initial sounds.


      See also


      North–South differences in the Korean language#Initial sound rule
      Korean phonology#Sonorants


      References




      Reference articles


      North Korea's official language, centered around Pyongyang dialect, standardized to fit the ideals and lifestyle of the working class. / Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture / https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0066411
      (2030 course) Differences in North and South Korean notation - first sound rule and saisiot / National Unification Education Institute / Oct 21, 2019 / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBcbbdgTMLY
      Where can we have a 'quick meal'? / Ko Dae-young, senior researcher at the large dictionary of Korean language / North and South Korea joint compilation project of large Korean dictionary / 2013.05.02 / https://www.gyeoremal.or.kr/board/view.php?code=southNorth&sq=549
      Step by step, starting with ‘Consonant and Vowel Arrangement Order’, The Hankyoreh, 2007-11-15, https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/250420.html


      Reference research theses


      Yongwoo Byeon (2004). “Morphological Constraints of Word-initial Avoidance in Korean”. 《Buddhist Language and Literature》 (Association of Korean Buddhist Language & Literature) 9: 199–229. https://www.earticle.net/Article/A3672
      Shin Seong-cheol (2018). “The Diachronic Study on ㄹ Initial Law”. 《Korean Linguistics》 (Korean Linguistic Society) 85: 151–179. doi:10.15811/jkl.2018.85.005. https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=3704500
      Jin Wi (2004). “A diachronic study on the /ɲ/ Initial law”. 《Korean-Chinese Humanities Research》 (Korea-Chinese Humanities Society) 12: 148–167. https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001105203
      Gyutae Cho (1999). “Problems of Hangul orthography: Regarding the notation of the initial sound rule”. 《Baedalmal》 (Baedalmal Society) 25 (0): 293–310. http://dlps.nanet.go.kr/SearchDetailView.do?cn=KINX2000071814
      Gyutae Cho (2009). “On the change of the word head “ㄹ” notation”. 《Baedalmal》 (Baedalmal Society) 45 (0): 69–109. http://dlps.nanet.go.kr/SearchDetailView.do?cn=KINX2010019884
      The Establishment of Linguistic Identity and Differentiation through the Word-initial ㄹ/ㄴ Rule in Standard North Korean, 2018, vol., no.76, pp. 85–125 (41 pages), Korean Literary and Linguistic Society, Miae Ahn, Miju Hong, Doohyun Paek, https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002365775

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