• Source: Insolvency law of Russia

Insolvency law of Russia mainly includes Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" and Federal Law No. 40-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Credit Institutions".




Legislation


Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" dated 26 October 2002 (as amended) (the "Bankruptcy Act"), replacing the previous law in 1998, to better address the above problems and a broader failure of the action.
Russian insolvency law is intended for a wide range of borrowers: individuals and companies of all sizes, with the exception of state-owned enterprises, government agencies, political parties and religious organizations. There are also special rules for insurance companies, professional participants of the securities market, agricultural organizations and other special laws for financial institutions and companies in the natural monopolies in the energy industry.
Federal Law No. 40-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Credit Institutions" dated 25 February 1999 (as amended) (the "Insolvency Law of Credit Institutions") contains special provisions in relation to the opening of insolvency proceedings in relation to the credit company. Insolvency Provisions Act, credit organizations used in conjunction with the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act.




Stages


Bankruptcy law provides for the following stages of insolvency proceedings:

Monitoring procedure or Supervision (nablyudeniye);
The economic recovery (finansovoe ozdorovleniye);
External control (vneshneye upravleniye);
Liquidation (konkursnoye proizvodstvo) and
Comprehensive Agreement (mirovoye soglasheniye).




Role of insolvency officers and associated professionals


The main face of the bankruptcy process is the insolvency officer (trustee in bankruptcy). At various stages of bankruptcy, he has to be determined: the temporary officer, external control, the receiver or administrative officer. During the bankruptcy trustee in bankruptcy (insolvency officer) has a decisive influence on the movement of assets (property) of the debtor - the debtor and has a key influence on the economic and legal aspects of its operations.
Insolvency Officer (Trustee in bankruptcy) performs the some functions of the head of the debtor and has a right to decide how the company - the debtor will continue its work, in what order will curl or develop its activities, which assets (property) will be put up for sale and under what conditions, as well as a variety of legal issues last and present activities of the debtor.
Insolvency official state vary depending on the stage of the proceedings. It will:

Interim Officer (vremenniy upravlyayuschiy) in the monitoring phase;
Administrative Officer (administrativniy upravlyayuschiy) in the economic scenario of rehabilitation;
External Manager (vneshniy upravlyayuschiy) in the management of external and
Settlement Officer (konkursniy upravlyayuschiy) in liquidation.
The powers of the liquidator, depending on the phase of the competition depends on the question. For example, the interim manager has no right to manage the affairs of the debtor during the monitoring step, but has the right to do so at a later stage.
In the settlement process, current liabilities have priority and are satisfied before other claims are met.




Prioritization of claimants


First, the claims for damages to life or human health and moral damage;
Second, the claim for breach obligations in respect of salaries and other payments to the relation to employment and royalties and
Third, other requirements, with the exception of required by the above described procedure, it can still be to the satisfaction of all rights to satisfy the priority.




Settlement agreement


The agreement between the debtor, creditors and the company under bankruptcy may be reached at any stage of the proceedings. The agreement on the settlement on behalf of the debtor must be entered:

Executive Director of the debtor in the period of monitoring and financial recovery;
External administrator in the phase of external control, and
Elimination of a manager in the settlement process.
Settlement Agreement on behalf of the bankruptcy creditors and authorized bodies need a simple majority (50% + 1 vote) approved the bankruptcy creditors and authorized bodies for the meeting of creditors.




References


Hiroshi Oda. "Insolvency Law". Russian Commercial Law. Second Edition. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden and Boston. 2007. Chapter 5. Page 205 et seq
Vasilii V Vitrianski. "New Legislation on Insolvency (Bankruptcy)". William Simons (ed). Private and Civil Law in the Russian Federation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden and Boston. 2009. Chapter 10. Page 129 et seq.
Wim A Timmermans. "Russian Bankruptcy Law in Practice and its Impact on the 1998 Bankruptcy Law". William Simons (ed). Private and Civil Law in the Russian Federation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden and Boston. 2009. Chapter 11. Page 145 et seq.
Michael Cuthbert, Victoria Bortkevicha and Logan Wright. "Bankruptcy Proceedings in the Russian Federation" in "Bankruptcy Law". Torsten Syrbe (ed). Russian Business Law: The Current Issues. Clifford Chance. Wolters Kluwer. 2009. Chapter 9. Page 296 et seq.
Florian Heindler. "Insolvency". Corporate and Unitary Legal Entities in Russia. Wolters Kluwer. 2018. Chapter 7. Paragraph 136 et seq.
Torsten Syrbe, Marc Bartholomy, Victoria Bortkevicha and Alexander Anichkin. "Insolvency Regime". Real Estate in Russia: A Legal Guide. 2010. Clifford Chance. Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 8. Page 90 et seq.
Dmitry Konstantinov. "Executory Contracts in Insolvency Law: The Russian Perspective". Jason Chuah and Eugenio Vaccari (eds). Executory Contracts in Insolvency Law: A Global Guide. Second Edition. Edward Elgar. 2023. Chapter 24. Page 441 et seq.
"Insolvency". Legal Guide to Investing in Russia. Second Edition. Herbert Smith Freehills. May 2013. Chapter 21.
Oleg R Zaitsev. "Russia". Thomas Kadner Graziano, Juris Bojārs and Veronika Sajadova (eds). A Guide to Consumer Insolvency Proceedings in Europe. Edward Elgar. 2019. Chapter 27.
Sergei Antonov. "Debt and the Law". Bankrupts and Usurers of Imperial Russia: Debt, Property, and the Law in the Age of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2016. Part II. Chapters 6 to 9.




External links


Federal Law № 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" (in Russian)

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