• Source: Integral linear operator

An integral bilinear form is a bilinear functional that belongs to the continuous dual space of



X




⊗
^




ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\epsilon }Y}

, the injective tensor product of the locally convex topological vector spaces (TVSs) X and Y. An integral linear operator is a continuous linear operator that arises in a canonical way from an integral bilinear form.
These maps play an important role in the theory of nuclear spaces and nuclear maps.




Definition - Integral forms as the dual of the injective tensor product



Let X and Y be locally convex TVSs, let



X

⊗

π


Y


{\displaystyle X\otimes _{\pi }Y}

denote the projective tensor product,



X




⊗
^




π


Y


{\displaystyle X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\pi }Y}

denote its completion, let



X

⊗

ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y}

denote the injective tensor product, and



X




⊗
^




ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\epsilon }Y}

denote its completion.
Suppose that



In
:
X

⊗

ϵ


Y
→
X




⊗
^




ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle \operatorname {In} :X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y\to X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\epsilon }Y}

denotes the TVS-embedding of



X

⊗

ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y}

into its completion and let








t


In
:


(

X




⊗
^




ϵ


Y

)


b


′


→


(

X

⊗

ϵ


Y

)


b


′




{\displaystyle {}^{t}\operatorname {In} :\left(X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\epsilon }Y\right)_{b}^{\prime }\to \left(X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y\right)_{b}^{\prime }}

be its transpose, which is a vector space-isomorphism. This identifies the continuous dual space of



X

⊗

ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y}

as being identical to the continuous dual space of



X




⊗
^




ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X{\widehat {\otimes }}_{\epsilon }Y}

.
Let



Id
:
X

⊗

π


Y
→
X

⊗

ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} :X\otimes _{\pi }Y\to X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y}

denote the identity map and








t


Id
:


(

X

⊗

ϵ


Y

)


b


′


→


(

X

⊗

π


Y

)


b


′




{\displaystyle {}^{t}\operatorname {Id} :\left(X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y\right)_{b}^{\prime }\to \left(X\otimes _{\pi }Y\right)_{b}^{\prime }}

denote its transpose, which is a continuous injection. Recall that





(

X

⊗

π


Y

)


′




{\displaystyle \left(X\otimes _{\pi }Y\right)^{\prime }}

is canonically identified with



B
(
X
,
Y
)


{\displaystyle B(X,Y)}

, the space of continuous bilinear maps on



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

. In this way, the continuous dual space of



X

⊗

ϵ


Y


{\displaystyle X\otimes _{\epsilon }Y}

can be canonically identified as a vector subspace of



B
(
X
,
Y
)


{\displaystyle B(X,Y)}

, denoted by



J
(
X
,
Y
)


{\displaystyle J(X,Y)}

. The elements of



J
(
X
,
Y
)


{\displaystyle J(X,Y)}

are called integral (bilinear) forms on



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

. The following theorem justifies the word integral.

There is also a closely related formulation of the theorem above that can also be used to explain the terminology integral bilinear form: a continuous bilinear form



u


{\displaystyle u}

on the product



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

of locally convex spaces is integral if and only if there is a compact topological space



Ω


{\displaystyle \Omega }

equipped with a (necessarily bounded) positive Radon measure



μ


{\displaystyle \mu }

and continuous linear maps



α


{\displaystyle \alpha }

and



β


{\displaystyle \beta }

from



X


{\displaystyle X}

and



Y


{\displaystyle Y}

to the Banach space




L

∞


(
Ω
,
μ
)


{\displaystyle L^{\infty }(\Omega ,\mu )}

such that




u
(
x
,
y
)
=
⟨
α
(
x
)
,
β
(
y
)
⟩
=

∫

Ω


α
(
x
)
β
(
y
)

d
μ


{\displaystyle u(x,y)=\langle \alpha (x),\beta (y)\rangle =\int _{\Omega }\alpha (x)\beta (y)\;d\mu }

,
i.e., the form



u


{\displaystyle u}

can be realised by integrating (essentially bounded) functions on a compact space.




Integral linear maps


A continuous linear map



κ
:
X
→

Y
′



{\displaystyle \kappa :X\to Y'}

is called integral if its associated bilinear form is an integral bilinear form, where this form is defined by



(
x
,
y
)
∈
X
×
Y
↦
(
κ
x
)
(
y
)


{\displaystyle (x,y)\in X\times Y\mapsto (\kappa x)(y)}

. It follows that an integral map



κ
:
X
→

Y
′



{\displaystyle \kappa :X\to Y'}

is of the form:




x
∈
X
↦
κ
(
x
)
=

∫

S
×
T



⟨


x
′

,
x

⟩


y
′


d

μ


(


x
′

,

y
′


)



{\displaystyle x\in X\mapsto \kappa (x)=\int _{S\times T}\left\langle x',x\right\rangle y'\mathrm {d} \mu \!\left(x',y'\right)}


for suitable weakly closed and equicontinuous subsets S and T of




X
′



{\displaystyle X'}

and




Y
′



{\displaystyle Y'}

, respectively, and some positive Radon measure



μ


{\displaystyle \mu }

of total mass ≤ 1.
The above integral is the weak integral, so the equality holds if and only if for every



y
∈
Y


{\displaystyle y\in Y}

,




⟨

κ
(
x
)
,
y

⟩

=

∫

S
×
T



⟨


x
′

,
x

⟩


⟨


y
′

,
y

⟩


d

μ


(


x
′

,

y
′


)



{\textstyle \left\langle \kappa (x),y\right\rangle =\int _{S\times T}\left\langle x',x\right\rangle \left\langle y',y\right\rangle \mathrm {d} \mu \!\left(x',y'\right)}

.
Given a linear map



Λ
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle \Lambda :X\to Y}

, one can define a canonical bilinear form




B

Λ


∈
B
i

(

X
,

Y
′


)



{\displaystyle B_{\Lambda }\in Bi\left(X,Y'\right)}

, called the associated bilinear form on



X
×

Y
′



{\displaystyle X\times Y'}

, by




B

Λ



(

x
,

y
′


)

:=

(


y
′

∘
Λ

)


(
x
)



{\displaystyle B_{\Lambda }\left(x,y'\right):=\left(y'\circ \Lambda \right)\left(x\right)}

.
A continuous map



Λ
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle \Lambda :X\to Y}

is called integral if its associated bilinear form is an integral bilinear form. An integral map



Λ
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle \Lambda :X\to Y}

is of the form, for every



x
∈
X


{\displaystyle x\in X}

and




y
′

∈

Y
′



{\displaystyle y'\in Y'}

:





⟨


y
′

,
Λ
(
x
)

⟩

=

∫


A
′

×

B
″




⟨


x
′

,
x

⟩


⟨


y
″

,

y
′


⟩


d

μ


(


x
′

,

y
″


)



{\displaystyle \left\langle y',\Lambda (x)\right\rangle =\int _{A'\times B''}\left\langle x',x\right\rangle \left\langle y'',y'\right\rangle \mathrm {d} \mu \!\left(x',y''\right)}


for suitable weakly closed and equicontinuous aubsets




A
′



{\displaystyle A'}

and




B
″



{\displaystyle B''}

of




X
′



{\displaystyle X'}

and




Y
″



{\displaystyle Y''}

, respectively, and some positive Radon measure



μ


{\displaystyle \mu }

of total mass



≤
1


{\displaystyle \leq 1}

.




= Relation to Hilbert spaces

=
The following result shows that integral maps "factor through" Hilbert spaces.
Proposition: Suppose that



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is an integral map between locally convex TVS with Y Hausdorff and complete. There exists a Hilbert space H and two continuous linear mappings



α
:
X
→
H


{\displaystyle \alpha :X\to H}

and



β
:
H
→
Y


{\displaystyle \beta :H\to Y}

such that



u
=
β
∘
α


{\displaystyle u=\beta \circ \alpha }

.
Furthermore, every integral operator between two Hilbert spaces is nuclear. Thus a continuous linear operator between two Hilbert spaces is nuclear if and only if it is integral.




= Sufficient conditions

=
Every nuclear map is integral. An important partial converse is that every integral operator between two Hilbert spaces is nuclear.
Suppose that A, B, C, and D are Hausdorff locally convex TVSs and that



α
:
A
→
B


{\displaystyle \alpha :A\to B}

,



β
:
B
→
C


{\displaystyle \beta :B\to C}

, and



γ
:
C
→
D


{\displaystyle \gamma :C\to D}

are all continuous linear operators. If



β
:
B
→
C


{\displaystyle \beta :B\to C}

is an integral operator then so is the composition



γ
∘
β
∘
α
:
A
→
D


{\displaystyle \gamma \circ \beta \circ \alpha :A\to D}

.
If



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is a continuous linear operator between two normed space then



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is integral if and only if








t


u
:

Y
′

→

X
′



{\displaystyle {}^{t}u:Y'\to X'}

is integral.
Suppose that



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is a continuous linear map between locally convex TVSs.
If



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is integral then so is its transpose








t


u
:

Y

b


′


→

X

b


′




{\displaystyle {}^{t}u:Y_{b}^{\prime }\to X_{b}^{\prime }}

. Now suppose that the transpose








t


u
:

Y

b


′


→

X

b


′




{\displaystyle {}^{t}u:Y_{b}^{\prime }\to X_{b}^{\prime }}

of the continuous linear map



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is integral. Then



u
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle u:X\to Y}

is integral if the canonical injections




In

X


:
X
→

X
″



{\displaystyle \operatorname {In} _{X}:X\to X''}

(defined by



x
↦


{\displaystyle x\mapsto }

value at x) and




In

Y


:
Y
→

Y
″



{\displaystyle \operatorname {In} _{Y}:Y\to Y''}

are TVS-embeddings (which happens if, for instance,



X


{\displaystyle X}

and




Y

b


′




{\displaystyle Y_{b}^{\prime }}

are barreled or metrizable).




= Properties

=
Suppose that A, B, C, and D are Hausdorff locally convex TVSs with B and D complete. If



α
:
A
→
B


{\displaystyle \alpha :A\to B}

,



β
:
B
→
C


{\displaystyle \beta :B\to C}

, and



γ
:
C
→
D


{\displaystyle \gamma :C\to D}

are all integral linear maps then their composition



γ
∘
β
∘
α
:
A
→
D


{\displaystyle \gamma \circ \beta \circ \alpha :A\to D}

is nuclear.
Thus, in particular, if X is an infinite-dimensional Fréchet space then a continuous linear surjection



u
:
X
→
X


{\displaystyle u:X\to X}

cannot be an integral operator.




See also


Auxiliary normed spaces
Final topology
Injective tensor product
Nuclear operators
Nuclear spaces
Projective tensor product
Topological tensor product




References






Bibliography


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External links


Nuclear space at ncatlab

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