• Source: Interim Constitution of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1974)

      • The Interim Constitution of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Act VIII of 1974) provides for an apparently transitory autonomous parliamentary framework of self-governance and power sharing for the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, defined by the act as the "territories of the State of Jammu and Kashmir which have been liberated by the people of that State and for the time being under the administration of Government and such other territories as may hereafter come under its administration", however it does not pertain to areas such as Gilgit, Hunza and Baltistan. The act succeeded and re-enacted the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government Act, 1970 with modifications. It was promulgated under the Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The constitution has been amended 14 times. It is based on the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan.
      The parliamentary system introduced a Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir as head of the government responsible for the executive power. The Prime Minister of Pakistan was to head the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council. The Council had jurisdiction over most of the legislative functioning, including executive authority over them. Following the 13th amendment in 2018, the powers of the Council were transferred to the AJK Assembly and Pakistan government, leaving it with an advisory role. The amendment also removed importance given to the usage of the word "Act".
      The Interim Constitution, along with the Karachi Agreement, Simla Agreement and United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan resolutions, form the legal connection between Pakistan and AJK., apart from the practical connection over the decades.


      History


      An ordinance in 1950 "Rules of Business of Azad Kashmir Government 1950" vested powers in a "Supreme" head of state. Two years later the rules of business were re-constituted, this time vesting powers in the Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs, a ministry of the government of Pakistan. In 1958 this was changed to "Chief Advisor". In 1960, inspired by the "basic democracy" system of Pakistan, an act was passed Kashmir Basic Democracies Act, 1960. This was amended in 1964, 1967, 1968.
      Until 1970, the administration of Azad Kashmir (AJK) was guided by a number of provisional orders. The governing power lay with bureaucrats in the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs, a ministry of the government of Pakistan. In 1973 Pakistan got a new constitution. Subsequently, similar demands were made for AJK. The draft was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of AJK on 24 August 1974. It was passed without any deliberations in the assembly.


      Preamble


      The preamble mentions that the 1974 constitution is successive legislation, and references the Kashmir dispute, UN mediation of the conflict, expression of self-determination through a plebiscite, Islam and the Quran. The 13th Amendment of the Constitution introduces two new paragraphs into the constitution. However, with regard to self-determination, Section 7(2) of the Interim Constitution disallows any activity that goes against the accession of AJK to Pakistan.


      About


      The Constitution provides for the creation of the following— President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Legislature, Council, High Court, Supreme Court, Chief Election Commissioner, Auditor General, Council of Islamic Ideology.

      Government of Azad Kashmir
      President of Azad Kashmir
      Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir
      Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
      High Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
      Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
      Azad Jammu & Kashmir Election Commission
      Auditor General of Azad Kashmir
      Council of Islamic Ideology of Azad Kashmir
      As per the constitution, AJK has its own flag and national anthem. For the purpose of this constitution, it does not pertain to the northern areas of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir.
      The act provided for two executive branches, the AJK Government, and the AJK Council. The Council was based in Islamabad and was chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Council had jurisdiction over 52 subjects including nuclear energy, aircraft, copyright, banking, insurance, stock-exchanges, census, railways, oil and gas, electricity, press, education and tourism. As per the 13th amendment in 2018, the council stands largely abolished, with only advisory powers remaining.


      Amendments




      See also


      Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir


      References and notes


      Notes

      Citations

      Bibliography
      Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (2015) [1979]. Kashmiris Fight for Freedom. Vol. 2 (1947 to 1978). Mirpur, AJK: National Institute of Kashmir Studies.
      The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Laws Code (PDF), vol. II From 1963-1970, Department of Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs & Human Rights. Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, 2008 [1984]
      Gilani, Justice Syed Manzoor Hussain (2019) [1988]. The Constitution of Azad Jammu & Kashmir: In the historical backdrop with corresponding Pakistan, India & Occupied Jammu & Kashmir Constitutions (PDF). Lahore, Pakistan: Jumhoori Publications. ISBN 9789696521471.
      "III. Constitutional Structure of Azad Kashmir and Its Relationship to Pakistan" (PDF), "With Friends Like These…", Volume 18, no. 12 (C), Human Rights Watch, September 2006
      Shekhawat, Seema (2007). "Electoral Politics in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir". India Quarterly. 63 (3): 145–167. doi:10.1177/097492840706300306. ISSN 0974-9284. JSTOR 45073208. S2CID 155709503.
      Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2013). Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives. Monograph Series No. 84. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Great Britain: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 978-1-136-77868-1 – via Google Books.
      Hayat, Javaid (April 2014). Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK): Prospects for Democratic Governance Amidst Ambiguous Sovereignty, Absence of Self-determination and Enduring Conflict (PDF) (Thesis thesis). Berlin: Otto-Suhr-Institut. doi:10.17169/refubium-15279.
      Rose, Leo E (2019). "11: The Politics of Azad Kashmir". In Thomas, Raju GC (ed.). Perspectives On Kashmir: The Roots Of Conflict In South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-30136-6.


      Further reading


      Ahmed, Raja Qaiser (2021). "Politics of Power-Sharing in Disputed Territories: A Case Study of the 13th Amendment in the Constitution of Azad Jammu and Kashmir". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 57 (6): 1267–1276. doi:10.1177/00219096211052267. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 239490825.
      Mahmud, Ershad (2006). "Status of AJK in Political Milieu". Policy Perspectives. 3 (2): 105–123. ISSN 1812-1829. JSTOR 42922642.

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