• Source: Issidae

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.




Distribution


Species of this family are present throughout the Northern Hemisphere.




Description



Issidae are small insects generally with a stocky body, as the wings mainly develop in width. Basic body coloration is not striking, usually shows brownish colors. The head has two ocelli. The forewings have strong pronounced ribs. They wrap the abdomen when the insect is at rest. The family originally included approximately 1000 species with 215 genera, but the systematics of Issidae remains uncertain, with many of the subfamilies having been recently removed to separate families, including Caliscelidae. Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae.
In 2013, scientists described a biologically unique set of mechanical gears in an Issus nymph, though identical structures are known in most planthoppers, and were known for decades before the function of the gears was discovered




Taxonomy


The family Issidae was once large and included many groups which are now treated in other families or as families themselves. These groups include the Caliscelidae, Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae (e.g., subfamilies Tonginae and Trienopinae). Around 2003, there was a view in favour of a single subfamily Issinae, but the current consensus is placement in four (as below). The Catalogue of Life lists genera in five tribes Issini, Parahiraciini, Hemisphaeriini and Thioniini. The tribe Colpopterini have now been placed in family Nogodinidae Melichar, 1898 having been raised to a subfamily. The oldest fossil of the group is Cubicostissus of the Paleocene Menat Formation of France, belonging to the tribe Hysteropterini, molecular clock calibrations suggest a diversification during the Upper Cretaceous.




= Subfamilies, Tribes and selected Genera

=
Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web lists four subfamilies:



Hemisphaeriinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906

Eupilisini Gnezdilov, 2020
Bornepilis Gnezdilov, 2020
Eupilis Walker, 1857
Gabaloeca Walker, 1870
Syrgis Stål, 1870
Hemisphaeriini Melichar, 1906
Hemisphaeriina Melichar, 1906
Ceratogergithus Gnezdilov, 2017
Choutagus Zhang, Wang & Che, 2006
Epyhemisphaerius Chan & Yang, 1994
Gergithoides Schumacher, 1915
Gergithus Stål, 1870
Hemisphaerius Schaum, 1850
Maculergithus Constant & Pham, 2016
Neogergithoides Sun, Meng & Wang, 2012
Neohemisphaerius Chen, Zhang & Chang, 2014
Ophthalmosphaerius Gnezdilov, 2017
Rotundiforma Meng, Wang & Qin, 2013
Mongolianina Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016
(8 genera)
Kodaianellini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016
(6 genera)
Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang, 1991
†Bolbossus Gnezdilov & Bourgoin, 2016 Baltic amber, Eocene (Priabonian)
Parahiraciina Cheng & Yang, 1991
(24 genera)
Scantiniina Bourgoin & Wang, 2020
Scantinius Stål, 1866
Vindilisina Bourgoin & Wang, 2020
Nisoprincessa Gnezdilov, 2017
Vindilis Stål, 1870
Sarimini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016
(30 genera)
Hemisphaeriinae incertae sedis
Amphiscepa Germar, 1830
Brahmaloka Distant, 1906
Chimetopina Gnezdilov, 2017
Cascaruna Gnezdilov, 2017
Chimetopon Schmidt, 1910
Ikonza Hesse, 1925
Coruncanius Distant, 1916
Devagama Distant, 1906
Hemisobium Schmidt, 1911
Jagannata Distant, 1906
Katonella Schmidt, 1911
Kivupterum Dlabola, 1985
Kodaiana Distant, 1916
Narayana Distant, 1906
Orinda Kirkaldy, 1907
Picumna Stål, 1864
Radha Melichar, 1903
Redarator Distant, 1916
Samantiga Distant, 1906
Tatva Distant, 1906
Thabenoides Distant, 1916



Hysteropterinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906; there are currently 59 genera including:

Agalmatium Emeljanov, 1971
Falcidius Stål, 1866
Hysteropterum Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 - type genus
†Cubicostissus Bourgoin & Nel, 2020 Menat Formation, France, Paleocene (Selandian)



Issinae

The monotypic subfamily contains the sole tribe Issini Spinola, 1839 and has a widespread distribution in Europe, the Middle East and temperate Asia. There are currently ten genera:

Carimeta Gnezdilov, 2020
Cophteroma Gnezdilov, 2020
Cyclometa Gnezdilov, 2020
†Issites Haupt, 1956 Germany, Eocene (Lutetian)
Issus Brullé, 1832 – type genus
Latissus Dlabola, 1974
Memusta Gnezdilov, 2020
Metopasius Gnezdilov, 2020
Sinonissus Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018
Thiopara Gnezdilov, 2020



Thioniinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906
There are currently 3 tribes and 16 genera:

Cordelini Gnezdilov, 2019 (1 genus)
Cordela Gnezdilov, 2019
Guianaphrynini Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus)
Guianaphryna Gnezdilov, 2018
Thioniini Melichar, 1906 (14 genera)
Amnisa Stal, 1862
Diceroptera Gnezdilov, 2011
Dracela Signoret, 1861
Heremon Kirkaldy, 1903
Oronoquina Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus)
Oronoqua Fennah, 1947
Paranipeus Melichar, 1906
Proteinissus Fowler, 1904
Thioniamorpha Metcalf, 1938
Thioniella Metcalf, 1938
Thioniina Melichar, 1906
Aplos Gnezdilov, 2018
Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895
Fowlerium Gnezdilov, 2018
Thionia Stal, 1859
Waoraniina Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018 (1 genus)
Waorania Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018



Issidae incertae sedis

Twenty genera are currently placed here:

Uphodato Szwedo 2019, Krundia Szwedo 2019 and Breukoscelis Szwedo 2019 from the Bembridge Marls, England dating Eocene (Priabonian) were considered members of this family upon description, however, other authors have found assignation to Issidae dubious.




References



W. E. Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003
Stephen W. Wilson – Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential importance in the Southern United States -Florida Entomologist 88(4) Fcla.edu




External links


Fauna Europaea
Biolib

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Wereng
• Issidae
• Issus coleoptratus
• Hemiptera
• Hysteropterum
• Heremon (planthopper)
• Agalmatium
• Hemisphaerius
• Agalmatium flavescens
• Cicada
• Auchenorrhyncha