• Source: Jacob Vrel

Jacob Vrel (fl. 1654 – c.1670) was a Dutch, Flemish, or Westphalian painter of interiors and urban street scenes during the Dutch Golden Age (1588–1672). He was likely most active from 1654 to 1662.




Biography


Jacob Vrel is also referred to as Jan instead of Jacob(us); alternative spellings of his surname are Frel, Frelle, Vreele, Vrelle, and Vriel.
Though Vrel's birthplace is unknown, scholars consider him a Dutch artist.
The lack of biographical information and challenging visual evidence has led scholars like Elizabeth Honig to call him "the most entirely elusive painter of 17th century Holland."
Despite the many architectural elements, bread products or clothing of the figures in his paintings, art historians are unable to assign most of Vrel's street scenes to any particular city or region. Vrel is thought to have composed them mostly from imagination. As of 2021, two experts have recognized streets and buildings of the Dutch city of Zwolle, not far from the German border in three pictures.: 30 




Style


According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis), Vrel was a member of the same "school" or artistic style as Pieter de Hooch, showing simple intimate scenes of daily life in towns, often including studies in perspective. Though no evidence for a specific "school" exists, the center of influence seems to have been in the artistic centers of Haarlem and Delft, for artists born during the years 1620–1630. The painters listed by the RKD in this category are Esaias Boursse, Hendrick van der Burgh, Pieter de Hooch, Pieter Janssens Elinga, Cornelis de Man, Hendrick ten Oever, and Jacob Vrel.
Vrel's works are sometimes confused with those by Esaias Boursse or Pieter de Hooch.
Vrel painted without glazes. He often painted his signature on a strip of paper or cloth in his painting, reminiscent of European medieval banners or scrolls. At least half of the pictures by Vrel contain signatures altered to read "Johannes Vermeer" or "Pieter de Hooch."




Work


A range between thirty-eight and forty paintings have been attributed to Vrel before the 2021 catalogue raisonne, which names forty-nine.

The following public collections contain Vrel´s work in their permanent holdings:

Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany: Street Scene with Figures in Conversation
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK: The Little Nurse
Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, US: Interior
Fondation Custodia, Frits Lugt, Paris, France: A Seated Woman Looking at a Child
Groninger Museum, Groningen, The Netherlands: Interior with a Man by a Fireplace
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia: Old Woman by a Fireplace
Heylshof Museum, Worms, Germany: Two Cottage Women Conversing
Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany: Street Corner
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria: Woman at a Window, Landscape with Two Men and a Woman
Landesmuseum, Oldenburg, Germany: Street Scene with Three Figures
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, US: Street Scene with People Conversing Near a Barber Shop.
Museum de Fundatie, Heino/Zwolle, The Netherlands: Interior with a Busy Woman, 1650.
National Gallery of Art, Washington, US: Young Woman in an Interior, ca. 1660.
Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille, France: The Weaver's Workshop
Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, US: Street Scene, mid-17th century
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Alleyway in a Dutch Town; Woman in Front of a Stove
Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium: The Little Sick Nurse
Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels, Belgium: Interior with a Woman and a Child
San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, US: The Little Sick Nurse
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid, Spain: Interior with Woman Seated by a Hearth
Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, US: Square with a Bakery in Front of a Church
Wallraf–Richartz Museum, Cologne, Germany: Interior with an Old Woman
A retrospective exhibition curated by Berndt Ebert of the Alte Pinakothek was to open in late 2020, combined printed exhibition catalog and catalogue raisonné by Ebert, Cécile Tainturier and Quentin Buvelot.in 2021. Because of the coronavirus pandemic, the monographic exhibition on Vrel was rescheduled to be shown in 2023 at the Mauritshuis in The Hague, and then at the Fondation Custodia in Paris.




References






Bibliography


Théophile Thoré. "Van der Meer de Delft." Gazette des beaux-arts [suppl. is Chron. A.] 21 (1866): 458–470.
Clotilde Brière-Misme. "Un 'Intimiste' hollandais: Jacob Vrel." Revue de l’art ancien et moderne 68 (1935): 97–114, 157–172.
Gérard Regnier. "Jacob Vrel, un Vermeer du pauvre." Gazette des beaux-arts [suppl. is Chron. A.] n.s. 6, 71 (1968): 269–282.
Peter Sutton, ed. Masters of Seventeenth-Century Dutch Genre Painting (exh. cat. Philadelphia Museum of Art; Gemäldegalerie, Berlin; Royal Academy, London, 1984): 352–354.
Elizabeth Honig: "Looking in(to) Jacob Vrel." Yale Journal of Criticism 3, no. 1 (Fall, 1989): 37–56.




External links


1 artwork by or after Jacob Vrel at the Art UK site
Jacob Vrel on Artnet

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Jacob Vrel
• Box-bed
• List of painters in the National Gallery of Art
• List of artists in the Web Gallery of Art (L–Z)
• Hendrick ten Oever
• 1662 in art
• List of Dutch painters
• Quentin Buvelot
• List of painters in the collection of the Rijksmuseum