- Source: Kitab-i Nauras
Kitab-i Nauras (transl. The Book of Nine Rasas), also transliterated as Kitab-e-Nauras, is a 16th-century treatise written by Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II of Bijapur. It was written with the title Nauras, meaining Nine Rasas, but was named as Nauras Nama or Kitab-i Nauras later. It is a collection of 59 Manqabat Kalaam (song) and 17 couplets in the Deccani Urdu language.
Contents
= Introduction
=The introduction to the book was not written by Ibrahim; instead, it was written by the poet Muhammad Zuhuri in Persian rather than Deccani. Zuhuri states that the preface is "a worthless stone for the garland made of royal pearls".
= Songs
=In the ten known manuscripts, there are fifty-nine songs, although no single copy contains all of them. In addition, there are seventeen dohas.
A significant portion of the songs are praises sung for Saraswati, Ganesha, and other Hindu deities. Others praise the prophet Muhammad and Sufi saint Bande Nawaz. Another portion refers to Ibrahim's private life. His favorite elephant Atish Khan and favorite tambourine Moti Khan are also praised. In others, Ibrahim's mother Bari Sahib and wife Chand Sultan are referred to.
= Rasas
=Shringara means the sentiment of love and romance.
Veera means the sentiment of heroism or chivalry
Veebhatsa means the sentiment of disgust
Raudra means the sentiment of anger and fury
Bhayanak means the sentiment of dread and terror
Hasya means the sentiment of joy and humour
Karuna means the sentiment of compassion and pathos
Adbhuta means the sentiment of wonder and amazement
Shanta means the sentiment of peace and contenment
References
= Bibliography
=Ahmad, Nazir (1956). Kitab-i-Nauras by Ibrahim Adil Shah II: Introduction, Notes, and Textual Editing (PDF). New Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Kendra.
Haider, Navinda Najat (2011). "The Kitab-i Nauras: Key to Bijapur's Golden Age". Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ISBN 978-1-58839-438-5.