• Source: Kiwaian languages

The Kiwaian languages form a language family of New Guinea. They are a dialect cluster of half a dozen closely related languages. They are grammatically divergent from the Trans–New Guinea languages, and typically have singular, dual, trial, and plural pronouns.




Classification


The Trans–New Guinea identity of Kiwaiian is supported by a relatively large number of basic lexical items. Ross (2005) tentatively linked Kiwaiian to the erstwhile language isolate Porome. However, the evidence is only two pronouns, and the connection has not been accepted by other researchers.




Languages


Kiwaian family: Kiwai, Bamu–Gama, Kerewo–Morigi, Waboda
Kiwaian languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.




Proto-language






= Phonemes

=
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:




= Pronouns

=
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as,




= Basic vocabulary

=
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:




Evolution



Kiwaian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:
Southern Kiwai language:

magota ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
amo ‘breast < *amu
gare ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
pitu ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)[C]
baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
sagana ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
tuwo ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
era ‘tree’ < *inda
nimo ‘louse’ < *niman
epuru ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)utu
kopu ‘short’ < *kutu(p,mb)a
abida ‘sister’ < *pi(n,nd)a
Other languages:

Waboda kepuru < *kV(mb,p)utu
Kerewo bena ‘shoulder’ < *mbena ‘arm’
Morigi kota ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
N.E. Kiwai modi ‘nose’ < *mundu
Bamu kukamu ‘cold’ < *kukam(o,u)




References






Further reading


Wurm, S.A. "The Kiwaian Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:217-260. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.21
Wurm, Stefan. 1951. Studies in the Kiwai Languages, Fly Delta, Papua, New Guinea. Wien: Herold.




External links


Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto-Kiwai

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kiwaian languages
• Languages of Papua New Guinea
• Trans–New Guinea languages
• Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages
• Grammatical number
• Kiwai language
• Porome language
• Bamu language
• Morigi language
• List of language families