• Source: L/D

L/D may refer to:

Learning and development, in human resource management
Lift-to-drag ratio, in aerodynamics
Lincoln–Douglas debates, a series of seven debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for the Senate in Illinois, and Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate




See also


DL (disambiguation)
LD (disambiguation)
• Source: LD

LD may refer to:




Arts and entertainment


Lighting designer, a person in charge of lighting in theatre




= Film and television

=
Lorraine "L.D." Delacorte, a character on the TV series Degrassi
Larry David, sometimes referred to as L.D. on the television show Curb Your Enthusiasm
Latin Disciples, a fictional gang in television series Day Break
Living Dangerously, an Extreme Champion Wrestling pay-per-view event (ECW PPV)
Low-definition television (LDTV)
"-LD", a United States call sign suffix signifying a low-power digital television station
LaserDisc or MCA Discovision is a 12 inch Analog Video optical disc




= Music

=
Lil Dicky (born 1988), American rapper
Little Doses, a Scottish alternative rock band
Luis Dubuc (born 1985), American musician
LD (rapper), British rapper
Lemon Demon, American musical project and band




Businesses and organizations


Air Hong Kong (IATA code LD)
Light Dragoons, a British Army cavalry regiment
Línea Turística Aereotuy (IATA code LD)
Louis Dreyfus Company, a French commodities trading firm




Economics and finance






= Contract law

=
Liability damages
Liquidated damages




= Currencies

=
Liberian dollar, the currency of Liberia
Libyan dinar, the currency of Libya
Liberty dollar (private currency), produced in the US




= Products

=
LD (cigarette), a brand of cigarette




Places


LD postcode area, also known as the Llandrindod Wells postcode area, in Wales
Lakshadweep, India (ISO 3166-2 code LD)
County Longford, Ireland (code LD)




Politics


Liberal democracy, a form of government based on rule of the people (democracy) tempered by the rule of law and natural rights (liberalism)
Lincoln–Douglas debate, a form of debate
Liberal Democrats (UK), a UK political party
Lord, a peer of the realm in the United Kingdom




Science, technology, and mathematics






= Astronomy

=
Lilian day, a variant of the Julian day
Lunar distance (astronomy), the distance between the Earth and the Moon, used a general measure of distance




= Biology and medicine

=
Lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in plants and animals
Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus, an anatomic structure of the brain
Learning disability, a condition that can impair learning through standard methods
Lethal dose, an indication of the lethal toxicity of a given substance or type of radiation
Licensed Dietitian
Linkage disequilibrium, in genetics, when alleles occur together more often than they would by chance
Lucid dreaming, a dream in which one is conscious of dreaming as it is happening




= Electronics and computing

=
ld, an instruction on a Z80 CPU
ld (Unix), the linker command on Unix and Unix-like systems
Laser diode, semiconductor laser-emitting device
LaserDisc, an obsolete optical disc video/data format and predecessor to DVD
Levenshtein distance, a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences.
Line Dubbed, a term for unlicensed copies of films with an audio track, which has been ripped from the line out connection of a projector
Linked data, a method of publishing structured data so that it can be interlinked and become more useful
The 'Linked Document' in the NISO standard Content Profile/Linked Document, a data serialisation format
Listening device, used in covert investigations




= Telecommunications

=
Long-distance calling, a telephone call charged at a higher rate
Loop Disconnect dialing




= Other

=
(chemistry) D/L nomenclature, used in naming chemical compounds
(linguistics) Language Development, the changes that take place in language, speech & communication in the context of children's development
(manufacturing) Linz-Donawitz process, a widely-used process in Basic oxygen steelmaking
(mathematics) Binary logarithm,




l
d

(
x
)
=

log

2


⁡
(
x
)


{\displaystyle \mathrm {ld} (x)=\log _{2}(x)}

, from the Latin logarithmus dualis
(military) Laser designator, used by the military for targeting
(physics) London dispersion force, weak intermolecular forces




Other uses


(communications) Lincoln–Douglas debate format
(sociology) Long-distance relationship
(sports) Line drive, in baseball
(sports) Ludum Dare, a game development competition




See also


eLDee, Nigerian rapper and record producer
1D (disambiguation), similar in glyphic structure to "lD"/"ld"(1d)
ID (disambiguation), similar in glyphic structure to "lD"/"ld"(Id)
Ladder diagram (disambiguation), various meanings
• Source: L&D

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is el (pronounced EL), plural els.




History



Lamedh may have come from a pictogram of an ox goad or cattle prod. Some have suggested that it represents a shepherd's staff.




= Typographic variants

=

In most sans-serif typefaces, the lowercase letter ell ⟨l⟩, written as the glyph l, may be difficult to distinguish from the uppercase letter "eye" ⟨I⟩ (written as the glyph I); in some serif typefaces, the glyph l may be confused with the glyph 1, the digit one. To avoid such confusion, some newer computer fonts (such as Trebuchet MS) have a finial, a curve to the right at the bottom of the lowercase letter ell. Other style variants are provided in script typefaces and display typefaces. All these variants of the letter are encoded in Unicode as U+004C L LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L or U+006C l LATIN SMALL LETTER L, allowing presentation to be chosen according to each context. For specialist mathematical and scientific use, there are a number of dedicated codepoints in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block.
Another means of reducing such confusion is to use symbol ℓ, which is a cursive, handwriting-style lowercase form of the letter "ell". In Japan and Korea, for example, this is the symbol for the liter. (The International Committee for Weights and Measures recommends using L or l for the liter, without specifying a typeface.) In Unicode, the cursive form is encoded as U+2113 ℓ SCRIPT SMALL L from the "letter-like symbols" block. Unicode encodes an explicit symbol as U+1D4C1 𝓁 MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L. The TeX syntax $\backslash ell$ renders it as



ℓ


{\displaystyle \ell }

. In mathematical formulas, an italic form (ℓ) of the script ℓ is the norm.




Use in writing systems






= English

=
In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ usually represents the phoneme , which can have several sound values, depending on the speaker's accent, and whether it occurs before or after a vowel. In Received Pronunciation, the alveolar lateral approximant (the sound represented in IPA by lowercase [l]) occurs before a vowel, as in lip or blend, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA [ɫ]) occurs in bell and milk. This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use ⟨l⟩; it is also a factor making the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ difficult for users of languages that lack ⟨l⟩ or have different values for it, such as Japanese or some southern dialects of Chinese. A medical condition or speech impediment restricting the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ is known as lambdacism.
In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ is often silent in such words as walk or could (though its presence can modify the preceding vowel letter's value), and it is usually silent in such words as palm and psalm; however, there is some regional variation. L is the eleventh most frequently used letter in the English language.




= Other languages

=
⟨l⟩ usually represents the sound [l] or some other lateral consonant. Common digraphs include ⟨ll⟩, which has a value identical to ⟨l⟩ in English, but has the separate value voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA [ɬ]) in Welsh, where it can appear in an initial position. In Spanish, ⟨ll⟩ represents /ʎ/ ([ʎ], [j], [ʝ], [ɟʝ], or [ʃ], depending on dialect).
A palatal lateral approximant or palatal ⟨l⟩ (IPA [ʎ]) occurs in many languages, and is represented by ⟨gli⟩ in Italian, ⟨ll⟩ in Spanish and Catalan, ⟨lh⟩ in Portuguese, and ⟨ļ⟩ in Latvian.
In Turkish, ⟨l⟩ generally represents /l/, but represents /ɫ/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨ı⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩.
In Washo, lower-case ⟨l⟩ represents a typical [l] sound, while upper-case ⟨L⟩ represents a voiceless [l̥] sound, a bit like double ⟨ll⟩ in Welsh.




= Other systems

=
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨l⟩ to represent the voiced alveolar lateral approximant and a small cap ⟨ʟ⟩ to represent the voiced velar lateral approximant.




Other uses



The capital letter L is used as the currency sign for the Albanian lek and the Honduran lempira. It was often used, especially in handwriting, as the currency sign for the Italian lira. Historically, it was commonly used as a currency sign for the British pound sterling (to abbreviate the Latin libra, a pound, see £sd); in modern usage, it has been overtaken by the pound sign (£), which is based on the blackletter form of the letter. In running text, its lower-case form (usually italicised), l, was more often seen.
The Roman numeral L represents the number 50.
In the International system of units, the liter (or litre) is abbreviated using an upper-case (or a lower-case) L.
In watchmaking, the ligne (a traditional French measure of length still used in the industry) is abbreviated using an upper-case L.
In chemistry, L is used as a symbol for the Avogadro constant.




Related characters






= Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

=
IPA-specific symbols related to L: ʟ ɫ ɬ ɭ ɺ ɮ ꞎ ˡ
IPA superscript symbols related to L: 𐞛 𐞜
Extensions to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA): 𝼄 𐞝
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to L:
U+1D0C ᴌ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L WITH STROKE
U+1D38 ᴸ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL L
ₗ : Subscript small l was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902
ȴ : L with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics
Ꞁ ꞁ : Turned L was used by William Pryce to designate the Welsh voiced lateral spirant [ɬ] The lower case is also used in the Romic alphabet. In Unicode, these are U+A780 Ꞁ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED L and U+A781 ꞁ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED L.
𝼦 : Small letter l with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.
Other variations are used for phonetic transcription: ᶅ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ 𝼑 𝼓
Ꝇ ꝇ : Broken L was used in some medieval Nordic manuscripts
Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to L:
U+AB37 ꬷ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH INVERTED LAZY S
U+AB38 ꬸ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE
U+AB39 ꬹ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE RING
U+AB5D ꭝ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH INVERTED LAZY S
U+AB5E ꭞ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
L with diacritics: Ĺ ĺ Ł ł Ľ ľ Ḹ ḹ L̃ l̃ Ļ ļ Ŀ ŀ Ḷ ḷ Ḻ ḻ Ḽ ḽ Ƚ ƚ Ⱡ ⱡ




= Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

=
ℒ 𝓁 : script letter L (uppercase and lowercase, respectively), used in mathematics. (In other contexts, a script typeface (or computer font) should be used.)
ℓ : mathematical symbol 'ell'; liter (traditional symbol)
£ : pound sign
Ꝉ ꝉ : Forms of L were used for medieval scribal abbreviations
Ł or ł, "L with stroke" used in Polish and many neighbouring languages




= Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

=
𐤋 : Semitic letter Lamedh, from which the following symbols originally derive
Λ λ : Greek letter Lambda, from which the following letters derive
Л л : Cyrillic letter El
Ⲗⲗ : Coptic letter Lamda
𐌋 : Old Italic letter L, which is the ancestor of modern Latin L
ᛚ : Runic letter laguz, which might derive from old Italic L
𐌻 : Gothic letter laaz




Other representations






= Computing

=
The Latin letters ⟨L⟩ and ⟨l⟩ have Unicode encodings U+004C L LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L and U+006C l LATIN SMALL LETTER L. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for ⟨L⟩ and ⟨l⟩ with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.
Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.




= Other

=




Notes






References






External links


Media related to L at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of L at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of l at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of ℓ at Wiktionary

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