- Source: List of architectural styles
An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which change over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.
Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different.
Vernacular architecture works slightly differently and is listed separately. It is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, and takes little account of national styles or technology. As western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded by new technology and national building standards.
Chronology of styles
= Prehistoric
=Early civilizations developed, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressively, massive stone structures have survived for years.
Neolithic 10,000–3000 BC
Ancient Americas
Mesoamerican
Mezcala
Talud-tablero
Western Native Americans
Mediterranean and Middle-East civilizations
Ancient Asian
= Classical Antiquity
=The architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilizations such as at Knossos on Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry.
Ancient Greek 776–265 BC
Roman 753 BC–663 AD
Etruscan 700–200 BC
Classical 600 BC–323 AD
Herodian 37–4 BC (Judea)
Early Christian 100–500
Byzantine 527–1520
= Middle Ages
=The European Early Middle Ages are generally taken to run from the end of the Roman Empire, around 400 AD, to around 1000 AD. During this period, Christianity made a significant impact on European culture.
Early Medieval Europe
Latin Armenian 4th–16th centuries
Anglo-Saxon 450s–1066 (England)
Bulgarian from 681
First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018
Pre-Romanesque c. 700–1000 (Merovingian and Carolingian empires)
Iberian pre-Romanesque
Merovingian 5th–8th centuries (France, Germany, Italy and neighbouring locations)
Visigothic 5th–8th centuries (Spain and Portugal)
Asturian 711–910 (North Spain, North Portugal)
Carolingian 780s–9th century (mostly France, Germany)
Ottonian 950s–1050s (mostly Germany, also considered Early Romanesque)
Repoblación 880s–11th century (Spain)
Medieval Europe
The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings.
Asian architecture contemporary with the Dark Ages and medieval Europe
Islamic Architecture 620–1918
Central Styles (Multi-Regional)
Prophetic Era – based in Medina (c. 620–630)
Rashidi Period – based in Medina (c. 630–660)
Umayyad architecture – based in Damascus (c. 660–750)
Abbasid architecture – based in Baghdad (c. 750–1256)
Mamluk architecture – based in Cairo (c. 1256–1517)
Ottoman architecture – based in Istanbul (c. 1517–1918)
Regional Styles
Egypt
Early Islamic architecture (Rashidi + Umayyad) (641–750)
Abbasid architecture (750–954)
Fatimid architecture (954–1170)
Ayyubid architecture (1174–1250)
Mamluk architecture (1254–1517)
Ottoman architecture (1517–1820)
North Africa (Maghrib)
The Umayyads (705–750)
The Abbasid Era (750–909)
The Fatimids (909–1048)
The Amazigh Dynasties (1048–1550)
Zirids 1048–1148 (Middle Maghreb)
Almoravids 1040–1147 (Far Maghreb)
Almohads 1121–1269 (Far Maghreb)
Hafsids 1229–1574 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
Marinids 1244–1465 (Middle and Far Maghreb)
Zayyanids 1235–1550 (Middle Maghreb)
Ottoman Rule 1550–1830 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
Local Dynasties 1549–present (Far Maghreb)
Islamic Spain
Umayyad architecture (756–1031)
Taifa Kingdoms-1 (1031–1090)
Almoravid architecture (1090–1147)
Taifa Kingdoms-2 (1140–1203)
Almohad architecture (1147–1238),
Taifa Kingdoms-3 (1232–1492)
Granada architecture (1287–1492)
Persia and Central Asia
Khurasani architecture (Late 7th–10th century)
Razi Style (10th–13th century)
Samanid Period (10th c.)
Ghaznawid Period (11th c.)
Saljuk Period (11th–12th c.)
Mongol Period (13th c.)
Timurid Style (14th–16th c.)
Isfahani Style (17th–19th c.)
Indian subcontinent
Indo-Islamic architecture (1204–1857)
Mughal architecture (1526–1707)
Turkey
Anatolian Seljuk architecture (1071–1299)
Ottoman architecture (1299–1922)
First national architectural movement (1908–1940)
Pre-Columbian Indigenous American Styles
Aztec (ca. 14th century – 1521)
Maya
Pueblo
Puuc
= Early Modern Period and European Colonialism
=1425–1660. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church, by placing Man at the centre of his world instead of God. The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was a florid development of this 200 years later, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values.
Asian architecture contemporary with Renaissance and post-Renaissance Europe
= Japanese =
Shoin-zukuri (1560s–1860s)
Sukiya-zukuri (1530s–present)
Minka (Japanese commoner or folk architecture)
Gassho-zukuri (Edo period and later)
Honmune-zukuri (Edo period and later)
Imperial Crown Style (1919–1945)
Giyōfū architecture (1800s)
= Indian =
Indo-Islamic
Mughal 1540–? (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
Akbari
Mughal Garden Style
Sharqi aka Janpur Style
= Late Modern Period and the Industrial Revolution
=Neoclassicism
1720–1837 and onward. A time often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry.
New Cooperism
= Neoclassical =
Neoclassical c. 1715–1820
Beaux-Arts 1670+ (France) and 1880 (US)
Georgian 1720–1840s (UK, US)
Jamaican Georgian architecture c. 1750 – c. 1850 (Jamaica)
American Colonial 1720–1780s (US)
Pombaline style 1755 – c. 1860 (Lisbon in Portugal)
Josephinischer Stil 1760–1780/90 (Austria)
Adam style 1760–1795 (England, Scotland, Russia, US)
Federal 1780–1830 (US)
Empire 1804–1830, revival 1870 (Europe, US)
Regency 1811–1830 (UK)
Antebellum 1812–1861 (Southern United States)
Palazzo Style 1814–1930? (Europe, Australia, US)
Neo-Palladian
Jeffersonian 1790s–1830s (Virginia in US)
American Empire 1810
Greek Revival architecture
Rundbogenstil 1835–1900 (Germany)
Neo-Grec 1845–65 (UK, US, France)
Nordic Classicism 1910–30 (Norway, Sweden, Denmark & Finland)
Polish Neoclassicism (Poland)
New Classical architecture 20th/21st century (global)
Temple 1832+ (global)
Revivalism and Orientalism
Late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains, and factories. As engineers, inventors, and businessmen they reshaped much of the British Empire, including the UK, India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and influenced Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes.
Rural styles
Swiss chalet style 1840s–1920s+ (Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, later global)
Adirondack 1850s (New York, US)
National Park Service rustic aka Parkitecture 1903+ (US)
Western false front (Western United States)
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution
= Industrial =
Industrial, 1760–present (worldwide)
= Modernism and other styles contemporary with modernism
=1880 onwards. The Industrial Revolution had brought steel, plate glass, and mass-produced components. These enabled a brave new world of bold structural frames, with clean lines and plain or shiny surfaces. In the early stages, a popular motto was "decoration is a crime". In the Eastern Bloc the Communists rejected the Western Bloc's 'decadent' ways, and modernism developed in a markedly more bureaucratic, sombre, and monumental fashion.
Postmodernism and early 21st century styles
Postmodernism 1945+ (US, UK)
Bowellism
Shed Style
Arcology 1970s+ (Europe)
Deconstructivism 1982+ (Europe, US, Far East)
Critical regionalism 1983+
Blobitecture 2003+
High-tech 1970s+
Interactive architecture 2000+
Sustainable architecture 2000+
Earthship 1980+ (Started in US, now global)
Green building 2000+
Natural building 2000+
Neo-Andean 2005+
Neo-futurism late 1960s-early 21st century
New Classical Architecture 1980+
New London Vernacular 2009+
Berlin Style 1990s+
Mass timber 2010s+
= Fortified styles
=Fortification 6800 BC+
Ringfort 800 BC – 400 AD
Dzong 17th century+
Star fort 1530–1800?
Polygonal fort 1850?-
= Vernacular styles
=Vernacular architecture
Generic methods
Natural building
Ice – Igloo, quinzhee
Earth – Cob house, sod house, adobe, mudbrick house, rammed earth
Timber – Log cabin, log house, Carpenter Gothic, roundhouse, stilt house
Nomadic structures – Yaranga, bender tent
Temporary structures – Quonset hut, Nissen hut, prefabricated home
Underground – Underground living, rock-cut architecture, monolithic church, pit-house
Modern low-energy systems – Straw-bale construction, earthbag construction, rice-hull bagwall construction, earthship, earth house
Various styles – Longhouse
European
European Arctic (North Norway and Sweden, Finland, North Russia) – Sami lavvu, Sami goahti
Northwest Europe (Norway, Sweden, Fresia, Jutland, Denmark, North Poland, UK, Iceland) – Norse architecture, heathen hofs, Viking ring fortress, fogou, souterrain, Grubenhaus (also known as Grubhouse or Grubhut)
Central and Eastern Europe – Burdei, zemlyanka
Bulgaria – Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo
Estonia
Germany – Black Forest house, Swiss chalet style, Gulf house (aka East Frisian house), Geestharden house (aka Cimbrian house, Schleswig house), Haubarg, Low German house (aka Low Saxon house), Middle German house, Reed house, Seaside resort house, Ständerhaus, Uthland-Frisian house
Netherlands – Frisian farmhouse, Old Frisian longhouse, Bildts farmhouse
Iceland – Turf houses
Ireland – Clochán, Crannog
Italy – Trullo
Lithuania – Kaunas modernism, Lithuanian folk architecture, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues
Norway – Architecture of Norway: Post church, Palisade church, Stave church, Norwegian Turf house, Vernacular architecture in Norway, Rorbu, Dragestil, also National Romantic style, Swiss chalet style and Nordic Classicism buildings
Poland – Zakopane, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues, wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland, Upper Lusatian house
Romania – Carpathian vernacular, wooden churches of Maramureș
Russia – Dacha
Scotland – Medieval turf building in Cronberry, blackhouses
Slovakia – Wooden churches of the Slovak Carpathians
Spain – Asturian teito, Asturian hórreo, Gallician palloza
Ukraine – Wooden churches
United Kingdom – Dartmoor longhouse, Neolithic long house, palisade church, mid-20th-century system-built houses
Scotland – Broch, Atlantic roundhouse, crannog, dun
African
Central and South African countries – Rondavel, Xhosa and Zulu Architecture, Zimbabwean Architecture, Sotho-Tswana Architecture, Zulu and Nguni Architecture, and Madagascan Architecture
Dutch Colonial, Cape Dutch
Asian
China
Yaodong
Siheyuan
Tulou
Shanxi
Hokkien
Cantonese
Hui
Hakka
Jiangxi
Sichuan
Pang uk (Architecture of Hong Kong)
India – Rock-cut, Toda hut
Indonesia – Uma longhouse, attap dwelling
Iran, Turkey – Caravanserai
Iran – Yakhchal
Israel – Rock-cut tombs
Japan – Minka
Mongolia – Yurt
Papua New Guinea – Papua New Guinea stilt house
Philippines – Bahay kubo, Jin-jin, Torogan, Bale
Russia – Siberian chum
Thailand – Thai stilt house
Myanmar – Shwenandaw Monastery
Australasian
Australia, New Zealand – slab hut
Australia – Aborigine humpy
Alphabetical listing
Examples of styles
See also
National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories
Architectural design values
Feminism and modern architecture
List of house styles
Sacred architecture
Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
Synagogue architecture
Timeline of architecture
Timeline of architectural styles
Parametricism
References
White, Norval; Elliott Willensky (2000). AIA Guide to New York (4th ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8129-3107-6.
Lewis, Philippa; Gillian Darley (1986). Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon
Baker, John Milnes, AIA (1994) American House Styles, NY: Norton
Further reading
Hamlin Alfred Dwight Foster, History of Architectural Styles, BiblioBazaar, 2009
Carson Dunlop, Architectural Styles, Dearborn Real Estate, 2003
Herbert Pothorn, A guide to architectural styles, Phaidon, 1983
External links
Victoria & Albert Museum Microsite on Introduction to Architectural Styles
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Notre-Dame de Paris
- Manchester
- Pola geometri Islam
- Aman Resorts
- List of architectural styles
- Architectural style
- Timeline of architectural styles
- Australian architectural styles
- List of house styles
- Australian non-residential architectural styles
- Shingle style architecture
- Brutalist architecture
- Architectural pattern
- Australian residential architectural styles
