- Source: List of biogeographic provinces
This page features a list of biogeographic provinces that were developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975, later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of biogeographic realms subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany.
The provinces represent the large areas of Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.
Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, though each realm may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Brazil, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants with very different evolutionary histories.
Afrotropical Realm
Tropical humid forests
Guinean Rainforest
Congo Rainforest
Malagasy Rainforest
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
West African Woodland/Savanna
East African Woodland/Savanna
Congo Woodland/Savanna
Miombo Woodland/Savanna
South African Woodland/Savanna
Malagasy Woodland/Savanna
Malagasy Thorn Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
Cape Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
Western Sahel
Eastern Sahel
Somalian
Namib
Kalahari
Karroo
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
Ethiopian Highlands
Guinean Highlands
Central African Highlands
East African Highlands
South African Highlands
Mixed island systems
Ascension and St. Helena Islands
Comores Islands and Aldabra
Mascarene Islands
Lake systems
Lake Rudolph
Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Malawi (Nyassa)
Antarctic Realm
Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
Australasian Realm
Tropical humid forests
Queensland Coastal
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
Tasmanian
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
Northern Coastal
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
Western Sclerophyll
Eastern Sclerophyll
Brigalow
Warm deserts and semideserts
Western Mulga
Central Desert
Southern Mulga/Saltbush
Tropical grasslands and savannas
Northern Savanna
Northern Grasslands
Temperate grasslands
Eastern Grasslands and Savannas
Indomalayan Realm
Tropical humid forests
Malabar Rainforest
Ceylonese Rainforest
Bengalian Rainforest
Burman Rainforest
Indochinese Rainforest
South Chinese Rainforest
Malayan Rainforest
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest
Burman Monsoon Forest
Thai Monsoon Forest
Mahanadian
Coromandel
Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
Deccan Thorn Forest
Warm deserts and semideserts
Thar Desert
Mixed island systems
Seychelles and Amirantes Islands
Laccadives Islands
Maldives and Chagos Islands
Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Sumatra
Java
Lesser Sunda Islands
Celebes
Borneo
Philippines
Taiwan
Nearctic Realm
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
Sitkan
Oregonian
Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
Yukon Taiga
Canadian Taiga
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
Eastern Forest
Austroriparian
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
Californian
Warm deserts and semideserts
Sonoran
Chihuahuan
Tamaulipan
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
Great Basin
Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
Aleutian Islands
Alaskan Tundra
Canadian Tundra
Arctic Archipelago
Greenland Tundra
Arctic Desert and Icecap
Temperate grasslands
Grasslands
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
Rocky Mountains
Sierra-Cascade
Madrean-Cordilleran
Lake systems
Great Lakes
Neotropical Realm
Tropical humid forests
Campechean
Panamanian
Colombian Coastal
Guayanan
Amazon rainforest
Madeiran
Serra do Mar (Bahian coast)
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest)
Chilean Nothofagus
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
Everglades
Sinaloan
Guerreran
Yucatecan (Yucatán)
Central American (Carib-Pacific)
Venezuelan Dry Forest
Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
Ecuadoran Dry Forest
Caatinga
Gran Chaco
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
Chilean Araucaria Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
Chilean Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert)
Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub)
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
Patagonian
Tropical grasslands and savannas
Llanos
Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands)
Babacu
Campos Cerrados (Campos)
Temperate grasslands
Argentinian Pampas (Pampas)
Uruguayan Pampas
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
Northern Andean
Colombian Montane
Yungas (Andean cloud forest)
Puna
Southern Andean
Mixed island systems
Bahamas-Bermudan
Cuban
Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
Lesser Antillean
Revillagigedo Archipelago
Cocos Island
Galapagos Islands
Fernando de Noronha Island
South Trindade Island
Lake systems
Lake Titicaca
Oceanian Realm
Mixed island systems
Papuan
Micronesian
Hawaiian
Southeastern Polynesian
Central Polynesian
New Caledonian
East Melanesian
Palearctic Realm
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
Chinese Subtropical Forest
Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest)
Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
West Eurasian Taiga
East Siberian Taiga
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
Icelandic
Subarctic Birchwoods
Kamchatkan
British Isles (British and Irish Forest)
Atlantic (West European Forest)
Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland)
Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest)
Pannonian (Danubian Steppe)
West Anatolian
Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest
Oriental Deciduous Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
Iberian Highlands
Mediterranean Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
Sahara
Arabian Desert (Arabia)
Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert
Tibetan
Iranian Desert
Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
Arctic Desert
Higharctic Tundra
Lowarctic Tundra
Temperate grasslands
Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands)
Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe)
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
Scottish Highlands
Central European Highlands
Balkan Highlands
Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands)
Altai Highlands
Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands
Hindu Kush Highlands
Himalayan Highlands
Szechwan Highlands
Mixed island systems
Macaronesian Islands
Ryukyu Islands
Lake systems
Lake Ladoga
Aral Sea
Lake Baikal
Region coding
The hierarchy of the scheme is (with early replaced terms in parentheses):
biogeographic realm (= biogeographic regions and subregions), with 8 categories
biogeographic province (= biotic province), with 193 categories, each characterized by a major biome or biome-complex
biome, with 14 types: tropical humid forests (1); subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands (2); temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands (3); tropical dry of deciduous forests (including monsoon forests) or woodlands (4); temperate broad-lead forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets (5); evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands (6); warm deserts and semideserts (7); cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts (8); tundra communities and barren arctic desert (9); tropical grassland and savannas (10); temperate grasslands (11); mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation (12); mixed island systems (13); lake systems (14).
So, for example, the Australian Central Desert province is in the Australasian realm (6), is the 9th biogeographic province in that realm, and its biome falls within "warm deserts and semideserts" (7), so it is coded 6.9.7.
The realms and provinces of the scheme are hence coded as follows:
See also
Biogeographic provinces of hydrothermal vent systems
Floristic province
List of ecoregions
References
Bibliography
Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". CoEvolution Quarterly, Number 11, Fall 1976.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- List of biogeographic provinces
- Biogeographic realm
- Ecoregion
- Biogeographic classification of India
- Marine ecoregion
- Biome
- List of ecoregions in Australia
- List of regions of Australia
- Australasian realm
- List of islands in the Pacific Ocean