• Source: List of bridges in Bhutan

This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Bhutan, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.




Historical and architectural interest bridges


Cantilever beams were developed in order to cross increasingly wide streams or rivers, where simple wooden beams had a limited range of about 10 meters. Two arms with timber superimposed are built on either side of the river, above the highest flood-level point, while being weighted to allow an increasingly large cantilevering, and solid wooden beams are then fixed on each end of the arms with wooden pegs. Bridges of this type were very common in mountainous region of India, Nepal and Tibet with an average span of 20 metres (66 ft), but those from Bhutan have the particularity of being more elaborate with stone masonry bridge towers, roofed with wooden shingles above the abutments or bridge head structures. The main purpose of these towers was to act as a counterweight to stiffen the structure.

The use of more layers of wooden beams with more pronounced inclinations permit to achieve greater spans, one of the most significant example is the Wangdue Zam with a span reported from 112 to 180 feet (34.1 to 54.9 m) according to different sources. The renovation of the Punakha Bridge in the city of the same name in 2008 by a Swiss company made it possible with this technique to reach a span of 55 metres (180 ft), the largest for this type of bridge in Bhutan.
All these bridges are called Bazam, a word composed of Ba which means Cattle and Zam who is the traduction of Bridge in Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. This comes from the resemblance of the cantilever beams that sit opposite each other with two noses of cattle.
A major innovation was created by Thang Tong Gyalpo regarding the crossing of large spans, he developed iron chains working techniques and adapted them to the construction of bridges. By adding arsenic to the iron (a bit more than 2.8%), it was easier to work with and had good resistance against rust, some of these chains are still functional today. This made it possible to reach spans to over a hundred meters which had not yet been reached in Europe at this time, the Chushul Chakzam in Tibet is reported to be 150 yards (140 m) long.
After making more than a hundred such bridges in Tibet, Thang Tong Gyalpo came to Bhutan in 1433 where he found big iron ore deposits and locals blacksmiths, many chains forged here were shipped from Bhutan to Tibet. He build 8 bridges in the country, oftentime near ore deposits, and some of them were still in use in the 20ht century, the last existing bridges are Tamchog Chakzam, Doksum Chakzam, Dangme Chakzam, and Khoma Chakzam (Chakzam literally means "iron bridge" in standard Tibetan).




Major road bridges


This table presents the structures with spans greater than 100 metres (330 ft) (non-exhaustive list).




See also



Transport in Bhutan
Geography of Bhutan
List of rivers of Bhutan
Architecture of Bhutan




Notes and references


Notes

Nicolas Janberg. "International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering". Structurae.com.

Others references




Further reading


Aris, Michael (1982). Views of Medieval Bhutan, The Diary and Drawings of Samuel Davis - 1783. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-210-2.
Deloche, Jean (1984). The Ancient Bridges of India. New Delhi: Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Scientific Research.
Gerard, Alexander (1841). Account of Koonawur in the Himalaya, Etc. ... London: James Madden.
Gerner, Manfred (2007). Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder (PDF). Translated by Verhufen, Gregor. Centre for Bhutan Studies. ISBN 978-99936-14-39-5. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Kalmus, Marek (November 2015). "Remarks on selected bridges of Thangtong Gyalpo". Journal of Comparative Cultural Studies in Architecture. ResearchGate (Report). pp. 20–32.
Stearns, Cyrus (2007). King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo. Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-5593-9837-4.
Turner, Samuel (1800). An Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama in Tibet: Containing a Narrative of a Journey Through Bootan, and Part of Tibet. London: W. Bulmer and Co.




External links



"Des Ponts couverts en Asie" [Covered Bridges in Asia]. Timbresponts.fr (in French).
"Stamps On Bridges of Bhutan". Bhutanphilately.blogspot.fr. July 8, 2010.
"Bridges Map of Wangdue Phodrang District - scale :1:300 000" (PDF). Nsb.gov.bt - National Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2020.
"Bridges table of Wangdue Phodrang District". Nsb.gov.bt - National Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original (xls) on November 16, 2020.
Rosenberg, Katrin (August 2009). Good Governance in Bridge Building, Suspension Bridge Programme - Sharing Experiences from Bhutan. Helvetas Bhutan.
Data collection survey on road connectivity in the Kingdom of Bhutan (PDF). Openjicareport.jica.go.jp - Japan International Cooperation Agency (Report). September 2014.
"Arch Bridges - Bhutan". Yokogawa-bridge.co.jp.

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