- Source: List of dialects of English
Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar. For the classification of varieties of English only in of pronunciation, see regional accents of English.
Overview
Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible." English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents (systems of pronunciation) as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions. Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors. Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels: within a broad national or regional dialect, various more localised sub-dialects can be identified, and so on. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure.
The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia. Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English: the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers.
British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world. Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English.
Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers. For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects. Australian English, likewise, shares many American and British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English, New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers.
Europe
English language in Europe
= Great Britain
=British English
England
English language in England:
Standard English (Not to be confused with the accent Received Pronunciation)
Northern
Lancastrian (Lancashire) and Cheshire
Bolton
Mancunian (Manchester)
Scouse (Merseyside)
Cumbrian (Cumbria)
Barrovian (Barrow-in-Furness)
Northumbrian (Northumberland and County Durham)
Geordie (Tyneside)
Mackem (Sunderland)
Pitmatic (Great Northern Coalfield)
Smoggie (Teesside)
Yorkshire
East Midlands
Lincolnshire
West Midlands
Black Country
Brummie (Birmingham)
Potteries (north Staffordshire)
Coventry
East Anglian
Norfolk
Suffolk
Essex
Southern
Cockney (working-class London and surrounding areas)
Estuary
Received Pronunciation (middle-class London, Home Counties and Hampshire)
Multicultural London (London)
Sussex
West Country
Cornwall
Bristolian
Dorset
Janner (Plymouth)
Scotland
Scottish English comprising varieties based on the Standard English of England.
Glasgow
Highland English
Wales
Welsh English
Abercraf
Cardiff
Gower
Port Talbot
Non-geographic based English
Angloromani
= British dependencies and territories
=Channel Islands: Channel Island English
Isle of Man: Manx English
Gibraltar: Gibraltarian English
= Ireland
=Hiberno-English (Irish English)
Ulster
Ulster Scots dialect (contested)
Leinster
Dublin
Dublin 4 (D4)
South-West Ireland
Extinct
Yola language (also known as Forth and Bargy dialect), thought to have been a descendant of Middle English, spoken in County Wexford
Fingallian, another presumed descendant of Middle English, spoken in Fingal
= Continental Europe
=Euro English
English in Denmark
English in Finland
English in Germany
English in the Netherlands
English in Norway
English in Spain
English in Sweden
= Eastern Europe
=Runglish
= Mediterranean
=English in Cyprus
Maltenglish
North America
= United States
=American English:
Cultural and ethnic American English
African American English
African-American Vernacular English
Cajun Vernacular English
General American: the "standard" or "mainstream" spectrum of American English
Latino (Hispanic) Vernacular Englishes
Chicano English (Mexican-American English)
Miami English
New York Latino English
Pennsylvania Dutch English
Yeshiva English
American Indian English
Lumbee English
Regional and local American English
Northern American English
Inland Northern English: Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Western New York, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and most of the U.S. Great Lakes region
New England English
Eastern New England English (including Boston and Maine English)
Rhode Island English
Western New England English: Connecticut, Hudson Valley, western Massachusetts, and Vermont
North-Central (Upper Midwestern) English: northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana
Metropolitan New York English
Southeast Super-Regional English
Midland American English
North Midland English: Iowa City, Omaha, Lincoln, Columbia, Springfield, Muncie, Columbus, etc.
South Midland English: Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Topeka, Wichita, Kansas City, St. Louis (in transition), Decatur, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Dayton, etc.
"Hoi Toider" English: traditional dialect of the Chesapeake Bay, Tangier, Ocracoke, the Outer Banks, Virginia Barrier Islands, etc.
New Orleans English
Philadelphia English
Baltimore English
Southern American English
Southern Appalachian English: Linden, Birmingham, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Asheville, and Greenville
Texan English: Lubbock, Odessa, and Dallas
Tennessean English: Nashville, Murfreesboro, Memphis
Western American English
California English
Pacific Northwest English
Western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) English
Extinct or near-extinct American English
Boontling
Older Southern American English
Mid-Atlantic or Transatlantic English
American English-based hybrid languages (creoles or pidgins)
Afro-Seminole Creole
Gullah language/Sea Island Creole English, South-East US related to Bahamian creole
Hawaiian Pidgin
= Canada
=Canadian English:
Aboriginal English in Canada
Bungi of the Canadian Metis people of British descent
Atlantic Canadian English
Lunenburg English
Newfoundland English
Greater Toronto English
Ottawa Valley English
Quebec English
Standard Canadian English
Pacific Northwest English
Caribbean, Central, and South America
= Caribbean
=Caribbean English
= The Bahamas
=Bahamian English
Bahamian Creole
= Barbados
=Bajan English
Bajan Creole
= Belize
=Belizean English
Belizean Creole
= Bermuda
=Bermudian English
= Cayman Islands
=Cayman Islands English
= Colombia
=San Andrés–Providencia English
= Costa Rica
=Limonese Creole
= Dominican Republic
=Samaná English
= Falkland Islands
=Falkland Islands English
= Guyana
=Guyanese English
Guyanese Creole
= Honduras
=Bay Islands English
= Jamaica
=Jamaican English
Jamaican Patois
= Nicaragua
=Miskito Coast Creole
Rama Cay Creole
= Panama
=Bocas del Toro Creole
= Puerto Rico
=Puerto Rican English
Virgin Islands Creole
= Saba
=Saban English
= Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
=Vincentian English
Vincentian Creole
Iyaric
= Trinidad and Tobago
=Trinidadian and Tobagonian English
Tobagonian Creole
Trinidadian Creole
= Turks and Caicos Islands
=Turks and Caicos Creole
= Virgin Islands
=Virgin Islands Creole
Asia
= Bangladesh
=Bangladeshi English (Benglish or Banglish)
= Brunei
=Brunei English
= Myanmar (Burma)
=Burmese/Myanmar English
= Hong Kong
=Hong Kong English
= China and Taiwan
=Chinese Pidgin English (Extinct)
Chinglish
= India
=Indian English:
Standard Indian English
Indian English: the "standard" English used by government administration, it derives from the British Indian Empire.
Butler English: (also Bearer English or Kitchen English), once an occupational dialect, now a social dialect.
Hinglish: a growing macaronic hybrid use of English and Indian languages.
Regional and local Indian English
East Region: Oriya English, Maithili English, Assamese/Bengali English, North-East Indian English etc.
West Region: Gujarati English, Maharashtrian English etc.
North Region: Hindustani English, Delhi/Punjabi English, UP/Bihari English, Rajasthani English etc.
South Region: Telugu English, Kannada English, Kanglish, Tenglish, Tanglish, Tamil English, Malayali English etc.
= Japan
=English in Japan
Engrish
= South Korea
=Korean English
= Malaysia
=Malaysian English
Manglish
= Middle East
=Middle Eastern English (or Arablish)
= Nepal
=Nepali English
= Pakistan
=Pakistani English
Urdish
= Philippines
=Philippine English
Taglish
Bislish
= Singapore
=Singapore English
Singlish
= Sri Lanka
=Sri Lankan English
Africa
= Cameroon
=Cameroonian English
= The Gambia
=Gambian English
= Ghana
=Ghanaian English
= Kenya
=Kenyan English
= Liberia
=Liberian English
Merico language
= Malawi
=Malawian English
= Namibia
=Namlish
= Nigeria
=Nigerian English
= Sierra Leone
=Sierra Leonean English
= South Africa
=South African English: Black South African English, White South African English, Indian South African English etc.
Cape Flats English
= South Atlantic
=South Atlantic English spoken on Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena
= Uganda
=Ugandan English
= Zambia
=Zambian English
= Zimbabwe
=Zimbabwean English
Oceania
= Australia
=Australian English
General Australian: Broad Australian, Cultivated Australian, Mediterranean accent etc.
Australian Aboriginal English
South Australian English
Western Australian English
Torres Strait English
= Fiji
=Fiji English
= New Zealand
=New Zealand English: Māori English, Pasifika English, Southland accent, West Coast Irish Catholic accent, Taranaki accent etc.
= Palau
=Palauan English
South Atlantic
South Atlantic English
World Global English
These dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over the world, and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines.
Standard English
Learning English
International English
English as a lingua franca
Simplified Technical English
Antarctica
Antarctic English
See also
American English regional vocabulary
North American English regional phonology
English-based creole languages
History of the English language
Old English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Modern English
Linguistic purism in English
List of English-based pidgins
Macaronic language
Regional accents of English
Schneider's dynamic model
Survey of English Dialects
World Englishes
References
Further reading
Hickey, Raymond (2014). A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-65641-9.
Nunan, David (2012), What Is This Thing Called Language?, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-137-28499-0.
Okrent, A. (2010), In the Land of Invented Languages: A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius, Spiegel & Grau Trade Paperbacks, ISBN 978-0-8129-8089-9.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010). Varieties of English in Writing. The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-4901-2.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2004). Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-17507-4.
Fischer, Steven Roger (2004), History of Language, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-594-3.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-521-53033-0.
Bolton, K. (2002), Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity, Asian Englishes Today, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-962-209-553-3, retrieved 2015-10-22.
"English Language § Varieties of English", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 6 (Earth–Everglades) (Fifth ed.), 1974, pp. 883–886.
External links
Sounds Familiar? Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar?' website
A national map of the regional dialects of American English
IDEA Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine – International Dialects of English Archive
English Dialects – English Dialects around the world
Dialect poetry from the English regions
American Languages: Our Nation's Many Voices - An online audio resource presenting interviews with speakers of German-American and American English dialects from across the United States
electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English (eWAVE)
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Bahasa Inggris
- Bahasa Inggris Amerika Serikat
- Bahasa Inggris Skotlandia
- Bahasa Inggris India
- Selandia Baru
- Bahasa Inggris Kanada
- Bahasa Skots
- Varietas bahasa
- Bahasa Arab Palestina
- Bahasa di Singapura
- List of dialects of English
- History of English
- Sound correspondences between English accents
- English language in England
- Survey of English Dialects
- Caribbean English
- Lists of English words by country or language of origin
- Old English
- Nigerian English
- Antarctic English
