• Source: List of federal by-elections in Canada

This is a list of by-elections in Canada since Confederation. By-elections are held to fill a vacancy in the Canadian House of Commons. Vacancies are caused by the death or resignation of a Member of Parliament or, more rarely, by the voiding of an election result by a court or as the result of an MP being expelled from the House of Commons. MPs have been expelled four times - Louis Riel (Provencher) was expelled in 1874 and again in 1875 for being a fugitive, Fred Rose (Cartier) was expelled in 1947 after having been convicted under the Official Secrets Act for having allegedly spied for the Soviet Union. In 1891, Thomas McGreevy (Quebec West) was expelled after being sentenced to a year in prison following his conviction for defrauding the government.
When a seat becomes vacant the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada issues a "Speaker's warrant" informing the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada of a vacancy. The Chief Electoral Officer must issue a writ of election "between the 11th and 180th days after the Chief Electoral Officer receives the warrant from the Speaker". The election date is then set for not less than 36 days and not more than 50 days after the issuance of the writ. If a vacancy occurs less than nine months before a fixed election date, then no by-election us held and the seat remains vacant until the general election.
This list below includes ministerial by-elections which occurred due to the requirement that Members of Parliament recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was abolished in 1931.




Notable by-elections


Notable by-election upsets in Canadian history include the 1942 York South by-election in which the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's Joseph Noseworthy upset Conservative leader and former prime minister Arthur Meighen's attempt to return to the House of Commons, Defence Minister Andrew McNaughton's defeat in the 1945 Grey North by-election, the 1949 by-election in Kamouraska where the Liberals, who had won the riding by a 55.8 percentage point margin in the previous general election, were defeated by the Independent Liberal candidate in the by-election; the 1943 Cartier by-election which the Liberals lost to the Labor-Progressive Party's Fred Rose; Walter Pitman's 1960 by-election victory in Peterborough as a New Party candidate, which was a catalyst for the creation of the New Democratic Party; Deborah Grey's 1989 by-election victory in Beaver River in which she won the Reform Party of Canada's first seat, and Gilles Duceppe's 1990 upset by-election victory in Laurier—Sainte-Marie on behalf of the newly formed Bloc Québécois.




44th Parliament (2021–present)






43rd Parliament (2019–2021)






42nd Parliament (2015–2019)






41st Parliament (2011–2015)






40th Parliament (2008–2011)






39th Parliament (2006–2008)






38th Parliament (2004–2006)






37th Parliament (2000–2004)






36th Parliament (1997–2000)






35th Parliament (1994–1997)






34th Parliament (1988–1993)






33rd Parliament (1984–1988)






32nd Parliament (1980–1984)






31st Parliament (1979)






30th Parliament (1974–1979)






29th Parliament (1973–1974)


no by-elections




28th Parliament (1968–1972)






27th Parliament (1965–1968)






26th Parliament (1963–1965)






25th Parliament (1962–1963)






24th Parliament (1958–1962)






23rd Parliament (1957–1958)






22nd Parliament (1953–1957)






21st Parliament (1949–1953)






20th Parliament (1945–1949)






19th Parliament (1940–1945)






18th Parliament (1936–1940)






17th Parliament (1930–1935)






16th Parliament (1926–1930)






15th Parliament (1926)






14th Parliament (1921–1925)






13th Parliament (1918–1921)






12th Parliament (1911–1917)






11th Parliament (1909–1911)






10th Parliament (1905–1908)






9th Parliament (1901–1904)






8th Parliament (1896–1900)






7th Parliament (1891–1896)






6th Parliament (1887–1891)






5th Parliament (1883–1887)






4th Parliament (1879–1882)






3rd Parliament (1874–1878)






2nd Parliament (1873–1874)






1st Parliament (1867–1872)






References






Sources


Parliament of Canada–Elected in By-Elections

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