- Source: List of historical states of Italy
Italy, up until its unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian Peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian Peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime powers, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Ancient Italy
The ancient peoples of Italy are broadly referred to in historiography as Italic peoples, although in modern linguistics this term is used to define only the speakers of the Italic languages, namely the Latino-Faliscans and the Osco-Umbrians. They include:
Etruscans
Italic peoples in the strict sense:
Latino-Faliscans:
Latins
Romans
Roman Kingdom
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire
Falisci
Osco-Umbrians, also called Sabellians:
Umbrians
Marsi
Umbri
Volsci
Oscans
Marrucini
Osci
Aurunci
Ausones
Campanians
Paeligni
Sabines
Samnitics
Bruttii
Frentani
Lucani
Samnites
Pentri
Caraceni
Caudini
Hirpini
Others:
Aequi
Fidenates
Hernici
Picentes
Vestini
Sicels
Venetics
Ligures
Sardinians
Greek colonies in Magna Graecia
Phoenician settlements in insular Italy
Carthaginian settlements in insular Italy
Cisalpine Gauls
Early Middle Ages
Kingdom of Italy
Ostrogothic Kingdom
Lombard Kingdom
Duchy of Rome (under the Byzantine Empire)
Exarchate of Ravenna (under the Byzantine Empire)
Exarchate of Carthage (under the Byzantine Empire)
Thema of Sicily (under the Byzantine Empire)
Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
Duchy of Benevento
Duchy of Spoleto
Duchy of Naples
Papal States
Republic of Venice
High Middle Ages
= States in Central and Northern Italy
=Papal States
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Florence
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Siena
Republic of Ancona
Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of San Marino
= States in Southern Italy
=Principality of Benevento
Principality of Salerno
Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
Principality of Capua
Duchy of Gaeta
Duchy of Naples
Duchy of Amalfi
Duchy of Sorrento
Emirate of Sicily (under the Fatimid Caliphate)
County of Sicily
County of Apulia
Duchy of Apulia
Duchy of Calabria
Duchy of Apulia and Calabria
Kingdom of Sicily
= States of the Holy Roman Empire
=Kingdom of Italy
Commune of Milan
March of Tuscany
March of Verona
March of Treviso
March of Ivrea
March of Turin
March of Montferrat
March of Genoa
Patriarchate of Aquileia (including March of Friuli and March of Istria)
Duchy of Spoleto
Bishopric of Brixen
Bishopric of Trent
County of Savoy
County of Gorizia
Marquisate of Saluzzo
Marquisate of Ceva
Marquisate of Incisa
Marquisate of Finale
= Sardinian Judicates
=Agugliastra
Arborea
Cagliari
Gallura
Logudoro
Late Middle Ages
= Major states
=Papal States
Republic of Venice
Republic of Florence
Kingdom of Naples
Duchy of Milan
Republic of Genoa
= Minor states
=Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
Kingdom of Sicily
Duchy of Ferrara
Lordship of Milan (before being raised to Duchy in 1395)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Marquisate of Bastia
Marquisate of Ceva
Marquisate of Finale
Marquisate of Fosdinovo
Marquisate of Incisa
Marquisate of Mantua
Marquisate of Massa
Marquisate of Saluzzo
Marquisate of Montferrat
County of Asti
County of Correggio
County of Gorizia
County of Guastalla
County of Masserano
County of Mirandola
County of Montechiarugolo
County of Novellara
County of Pitigliano
County of Santa Fiora
County of Savoy (raised to Duchy of Savoy in 1416)
County of Nice (in personal union with Savoy)
County of Scandiano
County of Sovana
County of Tende
County of Urbino (raised to Duchy of Urbino in 1443)
Golden Ambrosian Republic
Republic of Ancona
Republic of Cospaia
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of San Marino
Republic of Siena
Rebel city-states in Papal States
After the Italian Wars
The Peace of Cateau Cambrésis ended the Italian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, Naples (inclusive of the State of Presidi) and the Duchy of Milan were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of the Marquisate of Saluzzo. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
= Major states
=Papal States
Republic of Venice
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Kingdom of Naples
Republic of Genoa
Duchy of Savoy
Duchy of Milan
= Minor states
=Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spanish rule)
Kingdom of Sicily
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Principality of Piombino
Principality of Monaco
Duchy of Mantua
Duchy of Ferrara
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (In personal union with Ferrara)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma)
Duchy of Urbino
Marquisate of Bastia
Marquisate of Castiglione (raised to Principality of Castiglione in 1609)
Marquisate of Finale
Marquisate of Fosdinovo
Marquisate of Massa (raised to Principality of Massa in 1568)
Marquisate of Carrara (in personal union with Massa)
Marquisate of Masserano (raised to Principality of Masserano in 1598)
Marquisate of Montferrat (raised to Duchy of Montferrat in 1574; in personal union with Mantua)
Marquisate of Sabbioneta (raised to Duchy of Sabbioneta in 1577)
Marquisate of Torriglia
County of Correggio (raised to Principality of Correggio in 1616)
County of Guastalla
County of Pitigliano
County of Mirandola
County of Montechiarugolo
County of Novellara
County of Santa Fiora
County of Tende
Monastic State of the Order of Malta
Republic of Ancona
Republic of Cospaia
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of San Marino
After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century
During the war of the Spanish succession (1700-1714), Savoy acquired Sicily, while the remaining Spanish dominions in Italy (Naples, Sardinia, and Milan) were taken over by the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1720, Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia. Following the extinction of the House of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg-Lorraine. Later on, Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Other states such as Genoa, Venice, Modena, the Papal States and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.
= Major states
=Papal States
Kingdom of Naples (under the Habsburg monarchy from 1714 to 1735; in personal union with Sicily under the Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (under Habsburg-Lorraine after 1737)
Duchy of Milan (under Habsburg Monarchy)
Duchy of Savoy
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Venice
= Minor states
=Kingdom of Sardinia (under Austrian monarchy from 1714 to 1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)
Kingdom of Sicily (under Savoy from 1713 to 1720; under Austrian monarchy from 1720 to 1734; in personal union with Naples under the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
Duchy of Mantua (under House of Gonzaga until 1708, Austrian Monarchy thereafter)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (under Habsburg Monarchy from 1734 to 1748, under House of Bourbon-Parma thereafter)
Duchy of Guastalla (in personal union with Parma from 1748)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Duchy of Massa and Carrara (in personal union with Modena from 1731)
Duchy of Mirandola (in personal union with Modena from 1710)
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Principality of Masserano
Principality of Torriglia
Principality of Piombino
Principality of Monaco
Duchy of Montferrat, to House of Savoy from 1708
Marquisate of Fosdinovo
Marquisate of Bastia
Republic of Lucca
Republic of San Marino
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Noli
Republic of Cospaia
City of Fiume and its District
Monastic State of the Order of Malta
Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:
Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
Duchy of Parma: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
Republic of Lucca: 100,000
Total: 18.3 million
During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)
= Sister republics of Revolutionary France
=Republic of Alba
Anconine Republic
Astese Republic
Republic of Bergamo
Bolognese Republic
Republic of Brescia
Cisalpine Republic
Cispadane Republic
Republic of Crema
Italian Republic
Ligurian Republic
Jacobin State of Lucca
Parthenopean Republic
Republic of Pescara
Piedmontese Republic
Roman Republic
Subalpine Republic
Tiberina Republic
Transpadane Republic
= Client states of the First French Empire
=Kingdom of Etruria
Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Naples
Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Principality of Benevento
Principality of Pontecorvo
= Other states
=Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of Sicily
Principality of Elba (non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled Emperor Napoleon)
Republic of Cospaia
Republic of San Marino
From the restoration to the unification
Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.
At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.
Papal States
Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under Austrian Empire)
Kingdom of Illyria (under Austrian Empire)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Duchy of Massa and Carrara
Duchy of Lucca
Principality of Monaco
Republic of San Marino
Republic of Cospaia
Republic of San Marco
Roman Republic
United Provinces of Central Italy
Post-unification
Kingdom of Italy
Republic of San Marino
Italian Regency of Carnaro
Free State of Fiume
Italian Social Republic
Kingdom of the South
Free Territory of Trieste
Italian Partisan Republics
The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.
Republic of Alba (10 October - 2 November)
Republic of Alto Monferrato (September - 2 December)
Republic of Alto Tortonese (September - December)
Republic of Bobbio (7 July - 27 August)
Republic of the Cansiglio (July - September)
Republic of Carnia (26 September - 10 October)
Republic of Carniola (2 February - March)
Republic of Oriental Friuli (30 June - September)
Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September - 8 October)
Republic of the Langhe (September - November)
Republic of Montefiorino (17 June - 1 August)
Republic of Ossola (10 September - 23 October)
Republic of Torriglia (26 June - 27 November)
Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June - 11 July)
Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June - July)
Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June - 21 August)
Republic of the Taro Valley (15 June - 24 July)
Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June - September)
Republic of the Sesia Valley (11 June - 10 July)
Republic of Varzi (19/24 September - 29 November)
Current states
Italian Republic
Republic of San Marino
Vatican City State
See also
Italian city-states
Maritime republics
Medieval commune
Signoria
References
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