- Source: List of Linux-supported computer architectures
The basic components of the Linux family of operating systems, which are based on the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library, BusyBox or forks thereof like μClinux and uClibc, have been programmed with a certain level of abstraction in mind. Also, there are distinct code paths in the assembly language or C source code which support certain hardware. Therefore, the source code can be successfully compiled on—or cross-compiled for—a great number of computer architectures.
Furthermore, the required free and open-source software has also been developed to interface between Linux and the hardware Linux is to be executed on. For example, compilers are available, e.g. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and LLVM/Clang. For cross-compilation a number of complete toolchains are available, like GNU toolchain, OpenWrt Buildroot or OpenEmbedded. The Yocto Project is targeted at embedded use cases.
The portability section of the Linux kernel article contains information and references to technical details.
Note that further components like a windowing system, or programs like Blender, can be present or absent. Fundamentally any software has to be ported, i.e. specifically adapted, to any kind of hardware it is supposed to be executed on. The level of abstraction that has been kept in mind while programming that software in the first place dictates the necessary effort.
The relevant term is of the porting target is computer architecture; it comprises the instruction set(s) and the microarchitecture(s) of the processor(s), at least of the CPU. The target also comprises the "system design" of the entire system, be it a supercomputer, a desktop computer or some SoC, e.g. in case some unique bus is being used. In former times, the memory controller was part of the chipset on the motherboard and not on the CPU-die.
Although the support of a specific instruction set is the task of the compiler, the software must be written with a certain level of abstraction in mind to make this portability possible. Any code written in Assembly language will be specific to the instruction set.
The support of a specific microarchitecture includes optimizations for the CPU cache hierarchy, the TLB, etc.
Releases
DEC Alpha (alpha)
Intel (Altera) NIOS II ARM - nios2
ARM family of instruction sets (32- and 64-bit) (arm and arm64):
Acorn Archimedes and RiscPC series (original machines were supported in 2.6.22)
Allwinner
Apple A series processors
Apple M series processors
Broadcom VideoCore
DEC StrongARM
Samsung Exynos
Marvell (formerly Intel) XScale
Sharp Zaurus
HiSilicon
iPAQ
Palm, Inc.'s Tungsten Handheld
GamePark Holdings' GP2X
Open Pandora
MediaTek
Nokia 770 Internet Tablet
Nokia N800
Nokia N810
Nokia N900
Nomadik
NovaThor (discontinued)
gumstix
Sony Mylo
Qualcomm Snapdragon
Nvidia Tegra
TI OMAP
Psion 5, 5MX, Series 7, netBook
Rockchip
Some models of Apple iPods (via iPodLinux)
OpenMoko Neo 1973, Neo FreeRunner
Freescale's (formerly Motorola's) i.MX multimedia processors
C-SKY
Elbrus-8S
Freescale's (formerly Motorola's) 68k architecture (68020, 68030, 68040, 68060) (m68k):
Some Amigas: A1200, A2500, A3000, A4000
Apple Macintosh II, LC, Quadra, Centris and early Performa series
Some Atari computers (TT and Falcon030)
Qualcomm Hexagon (hexagon)
Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC (parisc)
International Business Machines (IBM)
System/390 (31-bit) (s390)
z/Architecture (IBM Z and IBM LinuxONE) (64-bit) (s390x)
x86 architecture (x86):
IBM PC compatibles using IA-32 and x86-64 processors:
Intel 80386 (dropped since 3.8), 80486, and their AMD, Cyrix, Texas Instruments and IBM variants
The entire Pentium series and its Celeron and Xeon variants
Intel Core processors
AMD 5x86, K5, K6, Athlon (all 32-bit versions), Duron, Sempron
x86-64: 64-bit processor architecture, now officially known as AMD64 (AMD) or Intel64 (Intel); supported by the Athlon 64, Opteron and Intel Core 2 processors, among others
Cyrix 5x86, 6x86 (M1), 6x86MX and MediaGX (National/AMD Geode) series
VIA Technologies Eden (Samuel II), VIA C3, and VIA C7 processors (all 32-bit) and VIA Nano (x86-64)
Zhaoxin ZX-7000.
Microsoft's Xbox (Pentium III processor), through the Xbox Linux project
SGI Visual Workstation (Pentium II/III processor(s) with SGI chipset)
PC-98NX (models from 1997 to 2000)
FM Towns
Sun Microsystems Sun386i workstation (80386 and 80486)
Support for 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188 and 80286 CPUs is under development (the ELKS fork)
MicroBlaze from Xilinx (microblaze)
MIPS architecture (mips):
Dingoo
Infineon's Amazon & Danube Network Processors
Ingenic Jz4740
Loongson (MIPS-compatible), and models 2 and 2E, from BLX IC Design Ltd (China)
Some PlayStation 2 models, through the PS2 Linux project
PlayStation Portable uClinux 2.4.19 port
Broadcom wireless chipsets
Dreambox (HD models)
Cavium Octeon packet processors
OpenRISC (openrisc)
OpenRISC 1000 family in the mainline Linux Kernel as of 3.1
Beyond Semiconductor OR1200
Beyond Semiconductor OR1210
Power ISA:
IBM Servers
PowerPC architecture (powerpc):
IBM's Cell
Most pre-Intel Apple computers (all PCI-based Power Macintoshes, limited support for the older NuBus Power Macs)
Clones of the PCI Power Mac marketed by Power Computing, UMAX and Motorola
Amigas upgraded with a "Power-UP" card (such as the Blizzard or CyberStorm)
AmigaOne motherboard from Eyetech Group Ltd (UK)
Samantha from Soft3 (Italy)
IBM RS/6000, AS/400 and pSeries systems
Pegasos I and II boards from Genesi
GameCube and Wii, through GameCube Linux
Project BlackDog from Realm Systems, Inc.
Sony PlayStation 3
Microsoft's Xbox 360, through the free60 project
V-Dragon CPU from Culturecom
Virtex II Pro field-programmable gate array (FPGA) from Xilinx with PowerPC cores
Dreambox (non-HD models)
RISC-V (riscv)
SPARC (sparc)
SPARC (32-bit):
LEON
UltraSPARC (64-bit):
Sun Ultra series
Sun Blade
Sun Fire
SPARC Enterprise systems, also the based on the UltraSPARC T1, UltraSPARC T2, UltraSPARC T3, and UltraSPARC T4 processors
Sunway
SuperH (sh)
Sega Dreamcast (SuperH SH4)
HP Jornada 680 through Jlime distribution (SuperH SH3)
Synopsys DesignWare ARC cores, originally developed by ARC International (arc)
Xtensa from Tensilica
Transmeta Crusoe
Additional processors (particularly Freescale's 68000 and ColdFire) are supported by the MMU-less μClinux variant.
Formely supported
= Dropped in 6.7
=Intel IA-64 Itanium, Itanium II (ia64)
= Dropped in 5.19
=Renesas Technology H8 Family (h8300)
= Dropped in 5.18
=Andes Technology NDS32 (nd32)
= Dropped in 5.12
=Texas Instruments TMS320 (c6x)
= Dropped in 5.9
=UniCore32 (unicore32)
= Dropped in 4.17
=Analog Devices Blackfin (supported since 2.6.22) (blackfin)
Axis Communications' ETRAX CRIS
Fujitsu FR-V (frv)
Imagination META
S+core (score)
Mitsubishi M32R (m32r)
Panasonic Corporation MN103 (mn10300)
Tilera
= Dropped in 4.12
=Atmel AVR32 (avr32)
= Dropped in 3.5
=SPARCstation/SPARCserver series (sun4m, sun4d) sun4c
= Dropped in 2.6.27
=Sun SPARC Sun-4
See also
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison of operating systems
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset
User-mode Linux
References
External links
Jae Yun Moon and Lee Sproull (November 2000). "Essence of Distributed Work: The Case of the Linux Kernel". First Monday. 5 (11).
BlueCat – Linux Kernel Porting Guide
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- List of Linux-supported computer architectures
- Computer cluster
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- Linux kernel
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- Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
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