• Source: List of NASA missions

This is a list of NASA missions, both crewed and robotic, since the establishment of NASA in 1957. There are over 80 currently active science missions.




X-Plane program



Since 1945, NACA (NASA's predecessor) and, since January 26, 1958, NASA has conducted the X-Plane Program. The program was originally intended to create a family of experimental aircraft not intended for production beyond the limited number of each design built solely for flight research. The first X-Plane, the Bell X-1, was the first rocket-powered airplane to break the sound barrier on October 14, 1947. X-Planes have set numerous milestones since then, both crewed and unpiloted.




Human spaceflight



NASA has successfully launched over 200 crewed flights. Three have ended in failure, causing the death of the entire crew: Apollo 1 (which never launched) in 1967 lost three crew members, STS-51-L (the Challenger disaster) in 1986, and STS-107 (the Columbia disaster) in 2003.

Notes:




= Early Obama administration review

=

In May 2009, the Obama administration announced the launch of an independent review of planned U.S. human space flight activities with the goal of ensuring that the nation is on a vigorous and sustainable path to achieving its boldest aspirations in space. The review was conducted by a panel of experts led by Norman Augustine, the former CEO of Lockheed Martin, who served on the President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology under both Democrat and Republican presidents.
The "Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans" was to examine ongoing and planned National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) development activities, as well as potential alternatives and present options for advancing a safe, innovative, affordable, and sustainable human space flight program in the years following Space Shuttle retirement. The panel worked closely with NASA and sought input from the United States Congress, the White House, the public, industry, and international partners as it developed its options. It presented its results on October 22, 2009.

In February 2010, Obama announced his proposal to cancel the Constellation program as part of his reform program. Constellation was officially canceled by the NASA Budget Authorization Act on October 11, 2010.




= Future

=

NASA brought the Orion spacecraft back to life from the defunct Constellation program and successfully test-launched the first capsule on December 5, 2014, aboard EFT-1. After a near-perfect flight traveling 3,600 miles (5,800 km) above Earth, the spacecraft was recovered for study. NASA plans to use the Orion crew vehicle to send humans to deep space locations such as the Moon and Mars starting in the 2020s. Orion will be powered by NASA's new heavy-lift vehicle, the Space Launch System (SLS), which is currently under development.
Artemis I was the first flight of the SLS and was launched as a test of the completed Orion and SLS system. During the mission, an uncrewed Orion capsule spent 10 days in a distant retrograde 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) orbit around the Moon before returning to Earth. Artemis II, the first crewed mission of the program, will launch four astronauts in 2025 on a free-return flyby of the Moon at a distance of 8,900 kilometers (5,500 mi).
After Artemis II, the Power and Propulsion Element of the Lunar Gateway and three components of an expendable lunar lander are planned to be delivered on multiple launches from commercial launch service providers.
Artemis III is planned to launch in 2026 aboard an SLS Block 1 rocket and will use the minimalist Gateway and expendable lander to achieve the first crewed lunar landing of the program. The flight is planned to touch down on the lunar south pole region, with two astronauts staying there for about one week.




Robotic missions






= Suborbital

=
Anomalous Transport Rocket Experiment (ATREX) – five consecutive launches, 80 seconds apart on March 27, 2012, studied the high-altitude jet stream.
NASA Sounding Rocket Program
SHIELDS – launched April 19, 2021, collected data from the heliopause.




= Earth and Heliocentric satellites

=

Biosatellite program
Biosatellite 1, launched December 1966, completed
Biosatellite 2, launched September 1967, completed
Biosatellite 3, launched June 1969, completed
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), launched November 1989, completed
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), launched September 1991, completed
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), launched March 2002, completed
Gravity Recover and Climate Experiment - Follow-On (GRACE-FO), launched May 2018, operational
NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) – National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), launched October 2011, operational
Echo 1 and 2, launched August 1960 and January 1964, respectively, completed
Great Observatories
Hubble Space Telescope, launched April 1990, operational
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, launched April 1991, completed
Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched July 1999, operational
Spitzer Space Telescope, launched August 2003, completed
High Energy Astronomy Observatory program
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1), launched August 1977, completed
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) launched November 1978, completed – first fully imaging X-ray telescope
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3), launched September 1979, completed
Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE), launched March 2000, completed
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), launched January 1983, completed
Jason-1, launched December 2001, completed
OSTM/Jason-2, launched June 2008, completed
Jason-3, launched January 2016, operational
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (SWIFT), launched November 2004, operational
Landsat program
Landsat 1, launched July 1972, completed
Landsat 2, launched January 1975, completed
Landsat 3, launched March 1978, completed
Landsat 4, launched July 1982, completed
Landsat 5, launched March 1984, completed
Landsat 6, launched October 1993, failed
Landsat 7, launched April 1999, operational
Landsat 8, launched February 2013, operational
Landsat 9, launched September 2021, operational
Living With a Star
Van Allen Probes, launched August 2012, completed – Twin probes studying the Van Allen radiation belt
Earth Observing System
Terra, launched December 1999, operational
Aqua, launched May 2002, operational
Aura, launched July 2004, operational
New Millennium Program (NMP)
Earth Observing-1 (EO-1), launched November 2000, completed
Space Technology 5 (ST5), launched March 2006, completed
Space Technology 6 (ST6)
NanoSail-D, launched August 2008, failed
NanoSail-D2, launched November 2010, completed
Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO), launched February 2009, failed
Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2), launched July 2014, operational
Origins program
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), launched June 1999, completed
Kepler, launched March 2009, completed – searching for Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone
James Webb Space Telescope, launched December 2021, operational
Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), launched February 2007, operational
Small Explorer program (SMEX)
Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM), launched April 2007, operational
Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST), launched August 1996, completed
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), launched April 2003, completed
Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), launched October 2008, operational
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), launched June 2012, operational – X-ray telescope orbiting Earth
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), launched February 2002, completed – Sun observing, Earth satellite
Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), launched July 1992, completed
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), launched December 1998, completed
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), launched August 1998, completed – Sun observing, Earth satellite
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE), launched March 1999, failed
Solar Terrestrial Probes program
Hinode (Solar-B)
Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)
Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS)
Uhuru
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)
BioSentinel
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, launching May 2027, future
INCUS, launching 2027, future




= Sun

=
Pioneer program
Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9, launched between December 1965 and November 1968, completed – Solar wind, solar magnetic field and cosmic rays
Helios 1 and 2, launched December 1974 and January 1976, completed
Ulysses spacecraft, launched October 1990, completed – ESA partnership
Genesis, launched August 2001, completed – returned sample of solar wind
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), launched December 1995, operational – ESA partnership
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), launched August 1997, operational
Solar Maximum Mission (SolarMax), launched February 1980, completed – suffered partial failure after launch; repaired in April 1984 during a Space Shuttle mission
Solar Terrestrial Probes program
TIMED, launched December 2001, operational
Hinode, launched September 2006, operational
STEREO, launched October 2006, operational
MMS, launched March 2015, operational
IMAP, launching 2025, future
Parker Solar Probe, launched August 2018, operational – the first mission into the Sun's corona
Living With a Star
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), launched February 2010, operational
Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses (BARREL) – two campaigns of 20 balloons each, studying the Van Allen radiation belts, 2012 to 2014 This mission is a complement to the Van Allen Probes (RBSP).
CubeSat for Solar Particles (CuSP), launched November 2022




= Moon

=

Pioneer program
Pioneer 0, launched August 1958, failed
Pioneer 1, launched October 1958, failed
Pioneer 2, launched November 1958, failed
Pioneer 3, launched December 1958, failed
Pioneer 4, launched March 1959, completed
Pioneer P-1, launched September 1959, failed
Pioneer P-3, launched November 1959, failed
Pioneer P-30, launched September 1960, failed
Pioneer P-31, launched December 1960, failed
Ranger program
Ranger 1, launched August 1961, failed
Ranger 2, launched November 1961, failed
Ranger 3, launched January 1962, failed
Ranger 4, launched April 1962, failed
Ranger 5, launched October 1962, failed
Ranger 6, launched January 1964, failed
Ranger 7, launched July 1964, completed
Ranger 8, launched February 1965, completed
Ranger 9, launched March 1965, completed
Surveyor program
Surveyor 1, launched May 1966, completed
Surveyor 2, launched September 1966, failed
Surveyor 3, launched April 1967, completed
Surveyor 4, launched July 1967, failed
Surveyor 5, launched September 1967, completed
Surveyor 6, launched November 1967, completed
Surveyor 7, launched January 1968, completed
Lunar Orbiter program
Lunar Orbiter 1, launched August 1966, completed
Lunar Orbiter 2, launched November 1966, completed
Lunar Orbiter 3, launched February 1967, completed
Lunar Orbiter 4, launched May 1967, completed
Lunar Orbiter 5, launched August 1967, completed
Clementine, launched January 1994, completed
Discovery Program
Discovery 3 – Lunar Prospector, launched January 1998, completed
Discovery 11 – GRAIL, launched September 2011, completed
Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) – instrument for ISRO's Chandraayan-1, launched October 2008, completed
Lunar Precursor Robotic Program (LPRP)
LCROSS, launched June 2009, completed
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched June 2009, operational
LADEE, launched September 2013, completed
Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter's ShadowCam instrument, launched August 2022, operational
CAPSTONE, launched November 2022, operational
LunaH-Map, launched November 2022, operational
Lunar IceCube, launched November 2022, operational
Lunar Flashlight, launched December 2022, failed
Commercial Lunar Payload Services
Peregrine Mission One, launched January 2024, failed
IM-1, launched February 2024, completed – first commercial lunar landing. First American moon landing since Apollo 17 in December 1972.




= Mercury

=
Mariner program
Mariner 10, launched November 1973, completed – flyby of Venus; multiple flybys of Mercury; first spacecraft to Mercury
Discovery program
Discovery 7 – MESSENGER, launched August 2004, completed – first to orbit Mercury




= Venus

=
Mariner program
Mariner 1, launched July 1962, failed – intended to be first American flyby of Venus
Mariner 2, launched August 1962, completed – first flyby of Venus by an operational spacecraft
Mariner 5, launched June 1967, completed – flyby of Venus
Mariner 10, launched November 1973, completed – flyby of Venus; multiple flybys of Mercury; first spacecraft to Mercury
Pioneer program
Pioneer 5, launched March 1960, completed – interplanetary space between Earth and Venus
Pioneer Venus project
Pioneer Venus Orbiter, launched May 1978, completed – Venus orbiter
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, launched August 1978, completed – Venus atmospheric probes
Magellan, launched May 1989, completed – radar mapping of Venus
Discovery Program
Discovery 15 – VERITAS, launching 2028, future
Discovery 16 – DAVINCI, launching 2029, future




= Mars

=

Mariner program
Mariner 4, launched November 1964, completed
Mariner 6 and 7, launched February 1969, completed
Mariner 8, launched May 1971, failed
Mariner 9, launched May 1971, completed
Viking program
Viking 1, launched August 1975, completed
Viking 2, launched September 1975, completed
Mars Observer, launched September 1992, failed
Mars Global Surveyor, launched November 1996, completed
Discovery Program
Discovery 2 – Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner rover, launched July 1997, completed
Discovery 12 – InSight, launched May 2018, completed
Mars Polar Lander, launched January 1999, failed
Deep Space 2, launched January 1999, failed – (sub-surface probes)
2001 Mars Odyssey, launched April 2001, operational
Mars Exploration Rovers
Spirit rover, launched June 2003, completed
Opportunity rover, launched June 2003, completed
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched August 2005, operational – Mars orbiter
Mars Scout program
Phoenix, launched August 2007, completed – Mars lander
MAVEN, launched November 2013, operational – orbiter studying the atmosphere of Mars
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) / Curiosity rover, launched November 2011, operational – Mars rover exploring Gale Crater
InSight, launched May 2018, completed
Mars 2020
Perseverance rover, launched July 2020, operational – Mars rover exploring Jezero Crater
Ingenuity helicopter, launched July 2020, completed – first powered flight on Mars
EscaPADE, launching August 2024, future
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return, launching 2027 and 2028, future




= Jupiter

=
Pioneer program
Pioneer 10, launched March 1972, completed – first to the asteroid belt and Jupiter
Pioneer 11, launched December 1974, completed – asteroid belt and Jupiter, first to Saturn
Voyager program
Voyager 1, launched September 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter and Saturn; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; most distant human-made object
Voyager 2, launched August 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; first spacecraft to Uranus and Neptune
Galileo, launched October 1989, completed – Jupiter and its moons
New Frontiers program
New Frontiers 2 – Juno, launched August 2011, operational – Jupiter orbiter mission
Europa Clipper, launching 2024, enroute




= Saturn

=
Pioneer program
Pioneer 11, launched December 1974, completed – asteroid belt and Jupiter, first to Saturn
Voyager program
Voyager 1, launched September 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter and Saturn; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; most distant human-made object
Voyager 2, launched August 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; first spacecraft to Uranus and Neptune
Cassini–Huygens, launched October 1997, completed – Saturn and its moons
New Frontiers program
New Frontiers 4 – Dragonfly, launching 2027, future
Enceladus Orbilander, launching 2038, future




= Uranus

=
Voyager program
Voyager 2, launched August 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; first spacecraft to Uranus and Neptune
Uranus Orbiter and Probe, launching 2032, future




= Neptune

=
Voyager program
Voyager 2, launched August 1977, operational – flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; extended mission to explore interstellar medium; first spacecraft to Uranus and Neptune




= Asteroids/comets

=
New Millennium Program (NMP)
NEAR Shoemaker, launched February 1996, completed – close study of 433 Eros
Deep Space 1 (DS1), launched October 1998, completed – first spacecraft propelled by an ion thruster
Discovery Program
Discovery 4 – Stardust, launched February 1999, completed – follow-up for Deep Impact's primary mission to 9P/Tempel
Discovery 6 – CONTOUR, launched July 2002, failed
Discovery 8 – Deep Impact (primary); EPOXI (extended), launched January 2005, completed
Discovery 9 – Dawn, launched September 2007, completed – Vesta in 2011-2012, and Ceres in 2015-2018
Discovery 13 – Lucy, launched October 2021, operational – Will fly by one main-belt asteroid and seven Jupiter Trojan asteroids.
Discovery 14 – Psyche, launched October 2023, enroute
New Frontiers program
New Frontiers 3 – OSIRIS-REx – launched September 2016, operational
Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), launched November 2021, completed
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, launched November 2022, failed




= Dwarf planets

=
New Frontiers program
New Frontiers 1 – New Horizons, launched January 2006, operational – flyby of Pluto and its moons in 2015; first to Pluto
Discovery Program
Discovery 9 – Dawn, launched September 2007, completed – Vesta in 2011-2012, and Ceres in 2015-2018




Canceled or undeveloped missions



Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF)
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO)
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
Mars Telecommunications Orbiter (MTO)
Asteroid Redirect Mission (2013–2017)
Origins Program
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF)
Pluto Kuiper Express (PLUTOKE) – replaced by New Horizons




= Old proposals

=
Mars Scout program
Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) (2000-2010 concept)
TAU (spacecraft)- probe to 1000 AU (1980s concept)




See also


NASA:
Large strategic science missions, the NASA flagship missions
Discovery Program, medium-cost NASA missions
New Frontiers program, medium-large NASA missions to outer planets
When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions – 2008 documentary covering NASA's mission history.
Space exploration
Timeline of Solar System exploration
List of European Space Agency programmes and missions




References






Bibliography


Grush, Loren (May 17, 2019). "NASA administrator on new Moon plan: 'We're doing this in a way that's never been done before'". The Verge. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
Heaton, Andrew; Sood, Dr. Rohan (August 10, 2020). "Space Launch System Departure Trajectory Analysis for Cislunar and Deep-Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. p. 7. Retrieved January 28, 2023.




External links


NASA - Missions

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• List of NASA missions
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