• Source: Longyan dialect

The Longyan dialect (simplified Chinese: 龙岩话; traditional Chinese: 龍巖話; pinyin: Lóngyánhuà), also known as Longyan Minnan (simplified Chinese: 龙岩闽南语; traditional Chinese: 龍巖閩南語; pinyin: Lóngyán Mǐnnányǔ) or Liong11lã11guɛ334, is a dialect of Hokkien spoken in the urban city area of Eastern Longyan in the province of Fujian, China, while Hakka is spoken in rural villages of Western Longyan. The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern Fujian Province as early as the Tang dynasty (618–907). Due to its close proximity to rural Hakka villages, Longyan Min has some influence from Hakka albeit to a limited extent. The Longyan dialect has a limited degree of intelligibility with other Southern Min dialects. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district Xinluo District while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in Zhangping City excluding Chishui and Shuangyang towns where Longyan Minnan is spoken. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the non-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture: Changting County, Liancheng County, Shanghang County, Wuping County, and Yongding District.
Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.
However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.




Phonology


The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.




= Initials

=
p, pʰ, m, b, pʰ, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, h.




= Rimes

=
l, i, u, iu, ui
a, ia, ua, iua, o, io, ei, ie
ue, ɛ, iɛ, uɛ, ai, uai, au, iau
m, im, am, iam, iep, ap, iap
in, un, an, ian, uan
it, at, iat, uat, uot, ŋ
aŋ, iaŋ, uaŋ, oŋ, ioŋ, ak, iak, uak, ok, iok
ĩ, ũ, ũi, ã, iã, uã, iuã, iãt, õ, iõ, ɛ̃, iɛ̃, uɛ̃, ãi, ãu, iãu.




= Tones

=




= Tone sandhi

=
The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):




Notes






References






Further reading


Compilation Commission of Chorography of Longyan City 龙岩市地方志编纂委员会 (1993). Longyan Shi zhi 龙岩市志 ["Chorography of Longyan City"]. Vol. 36. Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]. ISBN 978-7-5046-1575-6. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Bahasa Hakka
• Bahasa Proto-Min
• Longyan dialect
• Longyan
• Hokkien
• Min Chinese
• List of varieties of Chinese
• Yongding, Longyan
• Pu–Xian Min
• Manjiang dialect
• Teochew Min
• Hainanese