• Source: Mangeliidae

Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Prior to 2011, both the subfamilies Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae had been placed in the family Conidae. In 2011, Bouchet, Kantor et al merged the two subfamilies into one taxon, which they elevated to the rank of family. This was based on anatomical characters and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments.
Mangeliidae is a sister-clade to the family Raphitomidae
As with their relatives in the family Conidae, species in the family Mangelidae use potent venoms to catch their prey. Through this characteristic, they are of interest in pharmacological research.




Description


This family is characterized in general by usually the lack of an operculum, by a deep anal sinus on the subsutural ramp and with a heavy callus on the shoulder slope of the outer lip.
The Mangeliidae are small to medium-sized gastropods (length usually smaller than 30 mm). The high-spired shell has a fusiform to an oval or biconical shape. The protoconch is helicoid, with a very small initial, and rapidly increasing subsequent whorls. The spire is usually comparatively low. The shoulders of the whorls are often angular. The axial ribs are dominant in the sculpture of the shell. The spiral sculpture often consists of fine striae with a microsculpture of spirally aligned granules (especially on the subsutural ramp). The texture of the adult shell is frequently "gritty," from a sculpture of minute grains. The aperture is oval-elongated, usually narrow, terminating in a rather short, truncated siphonal canal. The aperture is only rarely denticulate. The outer lip (labrum) is reinforced. The varix is usually well developed, and the fasciole evanescent. A series of pustules on the columella is an ordinary feature. The toxoglossate radula has a weak basal ribbon and relatively short marginal teeth with very variable morphology (from semi-enrolled to true hypodermic). The tooth cavity opens laterally.
However, the genera Neoguraleus and Liracraea are operculate; the operculum in these genera has a terminal nucleus. These exceptions mean that the reinforced outer lip is the most characteristic feature of this family.
The species in this family occurred from the Paleogene to Recent.




Genera


This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Mangeliidae (the main reference for Holocene species is the World Register of Marine Species):

Genera moved to other families

Anacithara Hedley, 1922 : brought into the new family Horaiclavidae
Austropusilla Laseron, 1954: brought into the new family Raphitomidae
Belaturricula Powell, 1951 : brought into the new family Borsoniidae
Clathromangelia Monterosato, 1884 : brought into the new family Clathurellidae
Conopleura Hinds, 1844 : belongs to Drilliidae
Euclathurella Woodring, 1928 : belongs to the new family Clathurellidae
Glyptaesopus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941: brought into the new family Borsoniidae
Lienardia Jousseaume, 1884 : brought into the new family Clathurellidae
Lioglyphostomella Shuto, 1970 : brought into the new family Pseudomelatomidae
Otitoma Jousseaume, 1898 : belongs to the new family Pseudomelatomidae
Paraclathurella Boettger, 1895 : belongs to the new family Clathurellidae
Paramontana Laseron, 1954 : belongs to the new family Raphitomidae
Pseudoetrema Oyama, 1953 : belongs to the new family Clathurellidae
Thelecythara Woodring, 1928 : belongs to the new family Horaiclavidae
Turrella Laseron, 1954 : belongs to the new family Clathurellidae
Vitjazinella Sysoev 1988 : belongs to the Raphitomidae
Genera brought into synonymy

Canetoma Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Propebela Iredale, 1918
Cestoma Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Propebela Iredale, 1918
Cithara: synonym of Cythara Schumacher, 1817
Clathromangilia: synonym of Clathromangelia Monterosato, 1884: belongs now to the family Clathurellidae
Clinuromella Beets, 1943: synonym of Anticlinura Thiele, 1934
Clinuropsis Thiele, 1929: synonym of Anticlinura Thiele, 1934
Cyrtocythara F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Cytharella Monterosato, 1875: synonym of Mangelia (Cytharella) Monterosato, 1875
Ditoma Bellardi, 1875: synonym of Agathotoma Cossman, 1899
Euguraleus Cotton, 1947: synonym of Guraleus Hedley, 1918
Fehria van Aartsen, 1988 : synonym of Bela Gray, 1847
Funitoma Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Propebela Iredale, 1918
Ginnania Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Bela Gray, 1847
Lora Auctores non Gray, 1847: synonym of Oenopota Mörch, 1852
Mangilia Lovén, 1846: synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Mangiliella Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 : synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Nematoma Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Curtitoma Bartsch, 1941
Nodotoma Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Oenopota Mörch, 1852
Pseudoraphitoma: synonym of Pseudorhaphitoma Boettger, 1895
Rissomangelia Monterosato, 1917 : synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Rugocythara Nordsieck, 1977 : synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Scabrella Hedley, 1918: synonym of Asperdaphne Hedley, 1922
Smithia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Smithiella Monterosato, 1890
Smithiella Monterosato, 1890 : synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Thelecytharella Shuto, 1969 : synonym of Otitoma Jousseaume, 1898 : belongs to the family Pseudomelatomidae
Thetidos Hedley, 1899: synonym of Lienardia Jousseaume, 1884 : belongs to the family Clathurellidae
Turritomella Bartsch, 1941: synonym of Propebela Iredale, 1918
Villiersiella Monterosato, 1890: synonym of Mangelia Risso, 1826
Widalli Bogdanov, 1986: synonym of Curtitoma Bartsch, 1941
Cythara Schumacher, 1817 (nomen dubium)




References



Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp




External links



Puillandre, N.; et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the cone snails (Gastropoda, Conoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 78: 290–303. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.023. PMC 5556946. PMID 24878223.
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.
Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Mangeliidae

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Mangeliidae
• Curtitoma contraria
• Bela keepingi
• Agathotoma kirshi
• Mangelia limata
• Conidae
• Bela plicatilis
• Bactrocythara ascara
• Agathotoma asthenika
• Mangelia chariessa