• Source: Metarhizium

Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible. Most turn out to be the asexual forms (anamorphs) of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including Metacordyceps spp.




Species


Before molecular techniques were introduced at the end of the 20th century, Metarhizium species were identified on morphological (notably conidial) characteristics. The 'original' species included: M. anisopliae (with M.a. var. major), M. brunneum, M. cicadinum, M. cylindrosporum, M. flavoviride, M. taii, M. truncatum, and M. viridicolumnare.
In 2009, nine former varieties of the type species M. anisopliae were assigned species status. New species have continued to be identified, with original names sometimes re-instated (notably M. brunneum). The first complete chromosome length genome sequence for any Metarhizium was carried-out for this species at Swansea University in 2021.
The Index Fungorum currently (April 2024) lists:




= Other Reclassified Species Names

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M. glutinosum is now placed in the Stachybotryaceae as Albifimbria (Myrothecium) verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & Crous
species now placed in other genera in the Clavicipitaceae include:
M. album Petch, 1931 and other names now assigned to M. anisopliae (see synonyms)
M. aciculare H. Iwasaki, Tokiwa & Nonaka (2019) is now Keithomyces acicularis
M. carneum (Duché & R. Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Keithomyces carneus
M. khaoyaiense (Hywel-Jones) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Purpureomyces khaoyaiensis
M. kusanagiense (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Yosiokobayasia kusanagiensis
M. marquandii (Massee) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Marquandomyces marquandii
M. martiale (Speg.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Nigelia martialis (Speg.) Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp.
M. yongmunense (G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) is now Sungia yongmunensis




= Teleomorphs

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The teleomorphs of Metarhizium species appear to be members of the genus Metacordyceps. Metacordyceps taii (as Cordyceps taii) has been described as the teleomorph of Metarhizium taii:
a name that has now been restored.
Whether the other varieties of M. anisopliae have their own teleomorphs is not yet clear. Some, if not most, strains of M. anisopliae possibly have lost the capability of reproducing sexually.




Natural pesticide


The artificially grown fungi's spores are also used as a natural pesticide. Certain strains are advised against use in food-growing fields and in close proximity to water sources due to risk of their contamination.




= Locust control

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In the 1990s, the LUBILOSA research programme proved that M. acridum in its spore form was effective in killing locusts and other members of the Acrididea families with no deleterious effects found in field trials on any nontarget species except for the domesticated silk worm Bombyx mori. It is currently produced as a biopesticide under the name Novacrid by the company Eléphant Vert in their factory in Meknès, Morocco. The same company recently (2019) obtained the licence to produce and market the original product developed by LUBILOSA, which is called Green Muscle. A third product, Green Guard, is produced by BASF of Australia for the control of Australian plague locusts and wingless grasshoppers.




Notes






References






External links


Media related to Metarhizium at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Clavicipitaceae at Wikispecies

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Lepidiota stigma
• Kumbang sagu
• Cendawan entomopatogen
• Ostrinia furnacalis
• Interaksi manusia dengan mikroorganisme
• Pengendalian hama biologis
• Metarhizium
• Metarhizium anisopliae
• Metarhizium acridum
• Metarhizium pinghaense
• Metarhizium majus
• Metarhizium robertsii
• Entomopathogenic fungus
• Metarhizium brunneum
• Myrothecium verrucaria
• Locust