- Source: Metrizable topological vector space
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a metrizable (resp. pseudometrizable) topological vector space (TVS) is a TVS whose topology is induced by a metric (resp. pseudometric). An LM-space is an inductive limit of a sequence of locally convex metrizable TVS.
Pseudometrics and metrics
A pseudometric on a set
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a map
d
:
X
×
X
→
R
{\displaystyle d:X\times X\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
satisfying the following properties:
d
(
x
,
x
)
=
0
for all
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle d(x,x)=0{\text{ for all }}x\in X}
;
Symmetry:
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
d
(
y
,
x
)
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=d(y,x){\text{ for all }}x,y\in X}
;
Subadditivity:
d
(
x
,
z
)
≤
d
(
x
,
y
)
+
d
(
y
,
z
)
for all
x
,
y
,
z
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle d(x,z)\leq d(x,y)+d(y,z){\text{ for all }}x,y,z\in X.}
A pseudometric is called a metric if it satisfies:
Identity of indiscernibles: for all
x
,
y
∈
X
,
{\displaystyle x,y\in X,}
if
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=0}
then
x
=
y
.
{\displaystyle x=y.}
Ultrapseudometric
A pseudometric
d
{\displaystyle d}
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is called a ultrapseudometric or a strong pseudometric if it satisfies:
Strong/Ultrametric triangle inequality:
d
(
x
,
z
)
≤
max
{
d
(
x
,
y
)
,
d
(
y
,
z
)
}
for all
x
,
y
,
z
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle d(x,z)\leq \max\{d(x,y),d(y,z)\}{\text{ for all }}x,y,z\in X.}
Pseudometric space
A pseudometric space is a pair
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
consisting of a set
X
{\displaystyle X}
and a pseudometric
d
{\displaystyle d}
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
such that
X
{\displaystyle X}
's topology is identical to the topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
induced by
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
We call a pseudometric space
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
a metric space (resp. ultrapseudometric space) when
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a metric (resp. ultrapseudometric).
= Topology induced by a pseudometric
=If
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a pseudometric on a set
X
{\displaystyle X}
then collection of open balls:
B
r
(
z
)
:=
{
x
∈
X
:
d
(
x
,
z
)
<
r
}
{\displaystyle B_{r}(z):=\{x\in X:d(x,z)
as
z
{\displaystyle z}
ranges over
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
r
>
0
{\displaystyle r>0}
ranges over the positive real numbers,
forms a basis for a topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that is called the
d
{\displaystyle d}
-topology or the pseudometric topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
induced by
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
Convention: If
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
is a pseudometric space and
X
{\displaystyle X}
is treated as a topological space, then unless indicated otherwise, it should be assumed that
X
{\displaystyle X}
is endowed with the topology induced by
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
Pseudometrizable space
A topological space
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is called pseudometrizable (resp. metrizable, ultrapseudometrizable) if there exists a pseudometric (resp. metric, ultrapseudometric)
d
{\displaystyle d}
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
such that
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
is equal to the topology induced by
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
Pseudometrics and values on topological groups
An additive topological group is an additive group endowed with a topology, called a group topology, under which addition and negation become continuous operators.
A topology
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
on a real or complex vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is called a vector topology or a TVS topology if it makes the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication continuous (that is, if it makes
X
{\displaystyle X}
into a topological vector space).
Every topological vector space (TVS)
X
{\displaystyle X}
is an additive commutative topological group but not all group topologies on
X
{\displaystyle X}
are vector topologies.
This is because despite it making addition and negation continuous, a group topology on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
may fail to make scalar multiplication continuous.
For instance, the discrete topology on any non-trivial vector space makes addition and negation continuous but do not make scalar multiplication continuous.
= Translation invariant pseudometrics
=If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is an additive group then we say that a pseudometric
d
{\displaystyle d}
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is translation invariant or just invariant if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
Translation invariance:
d
(
x
+
z
,
y
+
z
)
=
d
(
x
,
y
)
for all
x
,
y
,
z
∈
X
{\displaystyle d(x+z,y+z)=d(x,y){\text{ for all }}x,y,z\in X}
;
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
d
(
x
−
y
,
0
)
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=d(x-y,0){\text{ for all }}x,y\in X.}
= Value/G-seminorm
=If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a topological group the a value or G-seminorm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
(the G stands for Group) is a real-valued map
p
:
X
→
R
{\displaystyle p:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
with the following properties:
Non-negative:
p
≥
0.
{\displaystyle p\geq 0.}
Subadditive:
p
(
x
+
y
)
≤
p
(
x
)
+
p
(
y
)
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
{\displaystyle p(x+y)\leq p(x)+p(y){\text{ for all }}x,y\in X}
;
p
(
0
)
=
0..
{\displaystyle p(0)=0..}
Symmetric:
p
(
−
x
)
=
p
(
x
)
for all
x
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle p(-x)=p(x){\text{ for all }}x\in X.}
where we call a G-seminorm a G-norm if it satisfies the additional condition:
Total/Positive definite: If
p
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle p(x)=0}
then
x
=
0.
{\displaystyle x=0.}
Properties of values
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a value on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
then:
|
p
(
x
)
−
p
(
y
)
|
≤
p
(
x
−
y
)
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle |p(x)-p(y)|\leq p(x-y){\text{ for all }}x,y\in X.}
p
(
n
x
)
≤
n
p
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p(nx)\leq np(x)}
and
1
n
p
(
x
)
≤
p
(
x
/
n
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n}}p(x)\leq p(x/n)}
for all
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
and positive integers
n
.
{\displaystyle n.}
The set
{
x
∈
X
:
p
(
x
)
=
0
}
{\displaystyle \{x\in X:p(x)=0\}}
is an additive subgroup of
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
= Equivalence on topological groups
== Pseudometrizable topological groups
== An invariant pseudometric that doesn't induce a vector topology
=Let
X
{\displaystyle X}
be a non-trivial (i.e.
X
≠
{
0
}
{\displaystyle X\neq \{0\}}
) real or complex vector space and let
d
{\displaystyle d}
be the translation-invariant trivial metric on
X
{\displaystyle X}
defined by
d
(
x
,
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle d(x,x)=0}
and
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
1
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=1{\text{ for all }}x,y\in X}
such that
x
≠
y
.
{\displaystyle x\neq y.}
The topology
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
that
d
{\displaystyle d}
induces on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is the discrete topology, which makes
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
into a commutative topological group under addition but does not form a vector topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
because
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is disconnected but every vector topology is connected.
What fails is that scalar multiplication isn't continuous on
(
X
,
τ
)
.
{\displaystyle (X,\tau ).}
This example shows that a translation-invariant (pseudo)metric is not enough to guarantee a vector topology, which leads us to define paranorms and F-seminorms.
Additive sequences
A collection
N
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}}
of subsets of a vector space is called additive if for every
N
∈
N
,
{\displaystyle N\in {\mathcal {N}},}
there exists some
U
∈
N
{\displaystyle U\in {\mathcal {N}}}
such that
U
+
U
⊆
N
.
{\displaystyle U+U\subseteq N.}
All of the above conditions are consequently a necessary for a topology to form a vector topology.
Additive sequences of sets have the particularly nice property that they define non-negative continuous real-valued subadditive functions.
These functions can then be used to prove many of the basic properties of topological vector spaces and also show that a Hausdorff TVS with a countable basis of neighborhoods is metrizable. The following theorem is true more generally for commutative additive topological groups.
Paranorms
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a vector space over the real or complex numbers then a paranorm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a G-seminorm (defined above)
p
:
X
→
R
{\displaystyle p:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that satisfies any of the following additional conditions, each of which begins with "for all sequences
x
∙
=
(
x
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
in
X
{\displaystyle X}
and all convergent sequences of scalars
s
∙
=
(
s
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }=\left(s_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
":
Continuity of multiplication: if
s
{\displaystyle s}
is a scalar and
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
are such that
p
(
x
i
−
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{i}-x\right)\to 0}
and
s
∙
→
s
,
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }\to s,}
then
p
(
s
i
x
i
−
s
x
)
→
0.
{\displaystyle p\left(s_{i}x_{i}-sx\right)\to 0.}
Both of the conditions:
if
s
∙
→
0
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }\to 0}
and if
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
is such that
p
(
x
i
−
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{i}-x\right)\to 0}
then
p
(
s
i
x
i
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(s_{i}x_{i}\right)\to 0}
;
if
p
(
x
∙
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{\bullet }\right)\to 0}
then
p
(
s
x
i
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(sx_{i}\right)\to 0}
for every scalar
s
.
{\displaystyle s.}
Both of the conditions:
if
p
(
x
∙
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{\bullet }\right)\to 0}
and
s
∙
→
s
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }\to s}
for some scalar
s
{\displaystyle s}
then
p
(
s
i
x
i
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(s_{i}x_{i}\right)\to 0}
;
if
s
∙
→
0
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }\to 0}
then
p
(
s
i
x
)
→
0
for all
x
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle p\left(s_{i}x\right)\to 0{\text{ for all }}x\in X.}
Separate continuity:
if
s
∙
→
s
{\displaystyle s_{\bullet }\to s}
for some scalar
s
{\displaystyle s}
then
p
(
s
x
i
−
s
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(sx_{i}-sx\right)\to 0}
for every
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
;
if
s
{\displaystyle s}
is a scalar,
x
∈
X
,
{\displaystyle x\in X,}
and
p
(
x
i
−
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{i}-x\right)\to 0}
then
p
(
s
x
i
−
s
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(sx_{i}-sx\right)\to 0}
.
A paranorm is called total if in addition it satisfies:
Total/Positive definite:
p
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle p(x)=0}
implies
x
=
0.
{\displaystyle x=0.}
= Properties of paranorms
=If
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a paranorm on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
then the map
d
:
X
×
X
→
R
{\displaystyle d:X\times X\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
defined by
d
(
x
,
y
)
:=
p
(
x
−
y
)
{\displaystyle d(x,y):=p(x-y)}
is a translation-invariant pseudometric on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that defines a vector topology on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a paranorm on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
then:
the set
{
x
∈
X
:
p
(
x
)
=
0
}
{\displaystyle \{x\in X:p(x)=0\}}
is a vector subspace of
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
p
(
x
+
n
)
=
p
(
x
)
for all
x
,
n
∈
X
{\displaystyle p(x+n)=p(x){\text{ for all }}x,n\in X}
with
p
(
n
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle p(n)=0.}
If a paranorm
p
{\displaystyle p}
satisfies
p
(
s
x
)
≤
|
s
|
p
(
x
)
for all
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle p(sx)\leq |s|p(x){\text{ for all }}x\in X}
and scalars
s
,
{\displaystyle s,}
then
p
{\displaystyle p}
is absolutely homogeneity (i.e. equality holds) and thus
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a seminorm.
= Examples of paranorms
=If
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a translation-invariant pseudometric on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
that induces a vector topology
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
on
X
{\displaystyle X}
(i.e.
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is a TVS) then the map
p
(
x
)
:=
d
(
x
−
y
,
0
)
{\displaystyle p(x):=d(x-y,0)}
defines a continuous paranorm on
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
; moreover, the topology that this paranorm
p
{\displaystyle p}
defines in
X
{\displaystyle X}
is
τ
.
{\displaystyle \tau .}
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a paranorm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
then so is the map
q
(
x
)
:=
p
(
x
)
/
[
1
+
p
(
x
)
]
.
{\displaystyle q(x):=p(x)/[1+p(x)].}
Every positive scalar multiple of a paranorm (resp. total paranorm) is again such a paranorm (resp. total paranorm).
Every seminorm is a paranorm.
The restriction of an paranorm (resp. total paranorm) to a vector subspace is an paranorm (resp. total paranorm).
The sum of two paranorms is a paranorm.
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
and
q
{\displaystyle q}
are paranorms on
X
{\displaystyle X}
then so is
(
p
∧
q
)
(
x
)
:=
inf
{
p
(
y
)
+
q
(
z
)
:
x
=
y
+
z
with
y
,
z
∈
X
}
.
{\displaystyle (p\wedge q)(x):=\inf _{}\{p(y)+q(z):x=y+z{\text{ with }}y,z\in X\}.}
Moreover,
(
p
∧
q
)
≤
p
{\displaystyle (p\wedge q)\leq p}
and
(
p
∧
q
)
≤
q
.
{\displaystyle (p\wedge q)\leq q.}
This makes the set of paranorms on
X
{\displaystyle X}
into a conditionally complete lattice.
Each of the following real-valued maps are paranorms on
X
:=
R
2
{\displaystyle X:=\mathbb {R} ^{2}}
:
(
x
,
y
)
↦
|
x
|
{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto |x|}
(
x
,
y
)
↦
|
x
|
+
|
y
|
{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto |x|+|y|}
The real-valued maps
(
x
,
y
)
↦
|
x
2
−
y
2
|
{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto {\sqrt {\left|x^{2}-y^{2}\right|}}}
and
(
x
,
y
)
↦
|
x
2
−
y
2
|
3
/
2
{\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto \left|x^{2}-y^{2}\right|^{3/2}}
are not paranorms on
X
:=
R
2
.
{\displaystyle X:=\mathbb {R} ^{2}.}
If
x
∙
=
(
x
i
)
i
∈
I
{\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{i}\right)_{i\in I}}
is a Hamel basis on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
then the real-valued map that sends
x
=
∑
i
∈
I
s
i
x
i
∈
X
{\displaystyle x=\sum _{i\in I}s_{i}x_{i}\in X}
(where all but finitely many of the scalars
s
i
{\displaystyle s_{i}}
are 0) to
∑
i
∈
I
|
s
i
|
{\displaystyle \sum _{i\in I}{\sqrt {\left|s_{i}\right|}}}
is a paranorm on
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
which satisfies
p
(
s
x
)
=
|
s
|
p
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p(sx)={\sqrt {|s|}}p(x)}
for all
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
and scalars
s
.
{\displaystyle s.}
The function
p
(
x
)
:=
|
sin
(
π
x
)
|
+
min
{
2
,
|
x
|
}
{\displaystyle p(x):=|\sin(\pi x)|+\min\{2,|x|\}}
is a paranorm on
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
that is not balanced but nevertheless equivalent to the usual norm on
R
.
{\displaystyle R.}
Note that the function
x
↦
|
sin
(
π
x
)
|
{\displaystyle x\mapsto |\sin(\pi x)|}
is subadditive.
Let
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
be a complex vector space and let
X
R
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {R} }}
denote
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
considered as a vector space over
R
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .}
Any paranorm on
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
is also a paranorm on
X
R
.
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {R} }.}
F-seminorms
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a vector space over the real or complex numbers then an F-seminorm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
(the
F
{\displaystyle F}
stands for Fréchet) is a real-valued map
p
:
X
→
R
{\displaystyle p:X\to \mathbb {R} }
with the following four properties:
Non-negative:
p
≥
0.
{\displaystyle p\geq 0.}
Subadditive:
p
(
x
+
y
)
≤
p
(
x
)
+
p
(
y
)
{\displaystyle p(x+y)\leq p(x)+p(y)}
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
{\displaystyle x,y\in X}
Balanced:
p
(
a
x
)
≤
p
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p(ax)\leq p(x)}
for
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
all scalars
a
{\displaystyle a}
satisfying
|
a
|
≤
1
;
{\displaystyle |a|\leq 1;}
This condition guarantees that each set of the form
{
z
∈
X
:
p
(
z
)
≤
r
}
{\displaystyle \{z\in X:p(z)\leq r\}}
or
{
z
∈
X
:
p
(
z
)
<
r
}
{\displaystyle \{z\in X:p(z)
for some
r
≥
0
{\displaystyle r\geq 0}
is a balanced set.
For every
x
∈
X
,
{\displaystyle x\in X,}
p
(
1
n
x
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left({\tfrac {1}{n}}x\right)\to 0}
as
n
→
∞
{\displaystyle n\to \infty }
The sequence
(
1
n
)
n
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {1}{n}}\right)_{n=1}^{\infty }}
can be replaced by any positive sequence converging to the zero.
An F-seminorm is called an F-norm if in addition it satisfies:
Total/Positive definite:
p
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle p(x)=0}
implies
x
=
0.
{\displaystyle x=0.}
An F-seminorm is called monotone if it satisfies:
Monotone:
p
(
r
x
)
<
p
(
s
x
)
{\displaystyle p(rx)
for all non-zero
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
and all real
s
{\displaystyle s}
and
t
{\displaystyle t}
such that
s
<
t
.
{\displaystyle s
= F-seminormed spaces
=An F-seminormed space (resp. F-normed space) is a pair
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
consisting of a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
and an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm)
p
{\displaystyle p}
on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
If
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
and
(
Z
,
q
)
{\displaystyle (Z,q)}
are F-seminormed spaces then a map
f
:
X
→
Z
{\displaystyle f:X\to Z}
is called an isometric embedding if
q
(
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
y
)
)
=
p
(
x
,
y
)
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle q(f(x)-f(y))=p(x,y){\text{ for all }}x,y\in X.}
Every isometric embedding of one F-seminormed space into another is a topological embedding, but the converse is not true in general.
= Examples of F-seminorms
=Every positive scalar multiple of an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm, seminorm) is again an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm, seminorm).
The sum of finitely many F-seminorms (resp. F-norms) is an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm).
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
and
q
{\displaystyle q}
are F-seminorms on
X
{\displaystyle X}
then so is their pointwise supremum
x
↦
sup
{
p
(
x
)
,
q
(
x
)
}
.
{\displaystyle x\mapsto \sup\{p(x),q(x)\}.}
The same is true of the supremum of any non-empty finite family of F-seminorms on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
The restriction of an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm) to a vector subspace is an F-seminorm (resp. F-norm).
A non-negative real-valued function on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a seminorm if and only if it is a convex F-seminorm, or equivalently, if and only if it is a convex balanced G-seminorm. In particular, every seminorm is an F-seminorm.
For any
0
<
p
<
1
,
{\displaystyle 0
the map
f
{\displaystyle f}
on
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
defined by
[
f
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
]
p
=
|
x
1
|
p
+
⋯
|
x
n
|
p
{\displaystyle [f\left(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}\right)]^{p}=\left|x_{1}\right|^{p}+\cdots \left|x_{n}\right|^{p}}
is an F-norm that is not a norm.
If
L
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle L:X\to Y}
is a linear map and if
q
{\displaystyle q}
is an F-seminorm on
Y
,
{\displaystyle Y,}
then
q
∘
L
{\displaystyle q\circ L}
is an F-seminorm on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
Let
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
be a complex vector space and let
X
R
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {R} }}
denote
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
considered as a vector space over
R
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .}
Any F-seminorm on
X
C
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {C} }}
is also an F-seminorm on
X
R
.
{\displaystyle X_{\mathbb {R} }.}
= Properties of F-seminorms
=Every F-seminorm is a paranorm and every paranorm is equivalent to some F-seminorm.
Every F-seminorm on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a value on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
In particular,
p
(
x
)
=
0
,
{\displaystyle p(x)=0,}
and
p
(
x
)
=
p
(
−
x
)
{\displaystyle p(x)=p(-x)}
for all
x
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle x\in X.}
= Topology induced by a single F-seminorm
== Topology induced by a family of F-seminorms
=Suppose that
L
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}}
is a non-empty collection of F-seminorms on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
and for any finite subset
F
⊆
L
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\subseteq {\mathcal {L}}}
and any
r
>
0
,
{\displaystyle r>0,}
let
U
F
,
r
:=
⋂
p
∈
F
{
x
∈
X
:
p
(
x
)
<
r
}
.
{\displaystyle U_{{\mathcal {F}},r}:=\bigcap _{p\in {\mathcal {F}}}\{x\in X:p(x)
The set
{
U
F
,
r
:
r
>
0
,
F
⊆
L
,
F
finite
}
{\displaystyle \left\{U_{{\mathcal {F}},r}~:~r>0,{\mathcal {F}}\subseteq {\mathcal {L}},{\mathcal {F}}{\text{ finite }}\right\}}
forms a filter base on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that also forms a neighborhood basis at the origin for a vector topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
denoted by
τ
L
.
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathcal {L}}.}
Each
U
F
,
r
{\displaystyle U_{{\mathcal {F}},r}}
is a balanced and absorbing subset of
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
These sets satisfy
U
F
,
r
/
2
+
U
F
,
r
/
2
⊆
U
F
,
r
.
{\displaystyle U_{{\mathcal {F}},r/2}+U_{{\mathcal {F}},r/2}\subseteq U_{{\mathcal {F}},r}.}
τ
L
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathcal {L}}}
is the coarsest vector topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
making each
p
∈
L
{\displaystyle p\in {\mathcal {L}}}
continuous.
τ
L
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathcal {L}}}
is Hausdorff if and only if for every non-zero
x
∈
X
,
{\displaystyle x\in X,}
there exists some
p
∈
L
{\displaystyle p\in {\mathcal {L}}}
such that
p
(
x
)
>
0.
{\displaystyle p(x)>0.}
If
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
is the set of all continuous F-seminorms on
(
X
,
τ
L
)
{\displaystyle \left(X,\tau _{\mathcal {L}}\right)}
then
τ
L
=
τ
F
.
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathcal {L}}=\tau _{\mathcal {F}}.}
If
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
is the set of all pointwise suprema of non-empty finite subsets of
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
of
L
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}}
then
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
is a directed family of F-seminorms and
τ
L
=
τ
F
.
{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathcal {L}}=\tau _{\mathcal {F}}.}
Fréchet combination
Suppose that
p
∙
=
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }=\left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is a family of non-negative subadditive functions on a vector space
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
The Fréchet combination of
p
∙
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }}
is defined to be the real-valued map
p
(
x
)
:=
∑
i
=
1
∞
p
i
(
x
)
2
i
[
1
+
p
i
(
x
)
]
.
{\displaystyle p(x):=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {p_{i}(x)}{2^{i}\left[1+p_{i}(x)\right]}}.}
= As an F-seminorm
=Assume that
p
∙
=
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }=\left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is an increasing sequence of seminorms on
X
{\displaystyle X}
and let
p
{\displaystyle p}
be the Fréchet combination of
p
∙
.
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }.}
Then
p
{\displaystyle p}
is an F-seminorm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that induces the same locally convex topology as the family
p
∙
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }}
of seminorms.
Since
p
∙
=
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }=\left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is increasing, a basis of open neighborhoods of the origin consists of all sets of the form
{
x
∈
X
:
p
i
(
x
)
<
r
}
{\displaystyle \left\{x\in X~:~p_{i}(x)
as
i
{\displaystyle i}
ranges over all positive integers and
r
>
0
{\displaystyle r>0}
ranges over all positive real numbers.
The translation invariant pseudometric on
X
{\displaystyle X}
induced by this F-seminorm
p
{\displaystyle p}
is
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
1
∞
1
2
i
p
i
(
x
−
y
)
1
+
p
i
(
x
−
y
)
.
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{i}}}{\frac {p_{i}(x-y)}{1+p_{i}(x-y)}}.}
This metric was discovered by Fréchet in his 1906 thesis for the spaces of real and complex sequences with pointwise operations.
= As a paranorm
=If each
p
i
{\displaystyle p_{i}}
is a paranorm then so is
p
{\displaystyle p}
and moreover,
p
{\displaystyle p}
induces the same topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
as the family
p
∙
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }}
of paranorms.
This is also true of the following paranorms on
X
{\displaystyle X}
:
q
(
x
)
:=
inf
{
∑
i
=
1
n
p
i
(
x
)
+
1
n
:
n
>
0
is an integer
}
.
{\displaystyle q(x):=\inf _{}\left\{\sum _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}(x)+{\frac {1}{n}}~:~n>0{\text{ is an integer }}\right\}.}
r
(
x
)
:=
∑
n
=
1
∞
min
{
1
2
n
,
p
n
(
x
)
}
.
{\displaystyle r(x):=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\min \left\{{\frac {1}{2^{n}}},p_{n}(x)\right\}.}
= Generalization
=The Fréchet combination can be generalized by use of a bounded remetrization function.
A bounded remetrization function is a continuous non-negative non-decreasing map
R
:
[
0
,
∞
)
→
[
0
,
∞
)
{\displaystyle R:[0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )}
that has a bounded range, is subadditive (meaning that
R
(
s
+
t
)
≤
R
(
s
)
+
R
(
t
)
{\displaystyle R(s+t)\leq R(s)+R(t)}
for all
s
,
t
≥
0
{\displaystyle s,t\geq 0}
), and satisfies
R
(
s
)
=
0
{\displaystyle R(s)=0}
if and only if
s
=
0.
{\displaystyle s=0.}
Examples of bounded remetrization functions include
arctan
t
,
{\displaystyle \arctan t,}
tanh
t
,
{\displaystyle \tanh t,}
t
↦
min
{
t
,
1
}
,
{\displaystyle t\mapsto \min\{t,1\},}
and
t
↦
t
1
+
t
.
{\displaystyle t\mapsto {\frac {t}{1+t}}.}
If
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a pseudometric (respectively, metric) on
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
R
{\displaystyle R}
is a bounded remetrization function then
R
∘
d
{\displaystyle R\circ d}
is a bounded pseudometric (respectively, bounded metric) on
X
{\displaystyle X}
that is uniformly equivalent to
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
Suppose that
p
∙
=
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }=\left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is a family of non-negative F-seminorm on a vector space
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
R
{\displaystyle R}
is a bounded remetrization function, and
r
∙
=
(
r
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle r_{\bullet }=\left(r_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is a sequence of positive real numbers whose sum is finite.
Then
p
(
x
)
:=
∑
i
=
1
∞
r
i
R
(
p
i
(
x
)
)
{\displaystyle p(x):=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }r_{i}R\left(p_{i}(x)\right)}
defines a bounded F-seminorm that is uniformly equivalent to the
p
∙
.
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }.}
It has the property that for any net
x
∙
=
(
x
a
)
a
∈
A
{\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{a}\right)_{a\in A}}
in
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
p
(
x
∙
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p\left(x_{\bullet }\right)\to 0}
if and only if
p
i
(
x
∙
)
→
0
{\displaystyle p_{i}\left(x_{\bullet }\right)\to 0}
for all
i
.
{\displaystyle i.}
p
{\displaystyle p}
is an F-norm if and only if the
p
∙
{\displaystyle p_{\bullet }}
separate points on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
Characterizations
= Of (pseudo)metrics induced by (semi)norms
=A pseudometric (resp. metric)
d
{\displaystyle d}
is induced by a seminorm (resp. norm) on a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
if and only if
d
{\displaystyle d}
is translation invariant and absolutely homogeneous, which means that for all scalars
s
{\displaystyle s}
and all
x
,
y
∈
X
,
{\displaystyle x,y\in X,}
in which case the function defined by
p
(
x
)
:=
d
(
x
,
0
)
{\displaystyle p(x):=d(x,0)}
is a seminorm (resp. norm) and the pseudometric (resp. metric) induced by
p
{\displaystyle p}
is equal to
d
.
{\displaystyle d.}
= Of pseudometrizable TVS
=If
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is a topological vector space (TVS) (where note in particular that
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
is assumed to be a vector topology) then the following are equivalent:
X
{\displaystyle X}
is pseudometrizable (i.e. the vector topology
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
is induced by a pseudometric on
X
{\displaystyle X}
).
X
{\displaystyle X}
has a countable neighborhood base at the origin.
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a translation-invariant pseudometric on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by an F-seminorm.
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a paranorm.
= Of metrizable TVS
=If
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is a TVS then the following are equivalent:
X
{\displaystyle X}
is metrizable.
X
{\displaystyle X}
is Hausdorff and pseudometrizable.
X
{\displaystyle X}
is Hausdorff and has a countable neighborhood base at the origin.
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a translation-invariant metric on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by an F-norm.
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a monotone F-norm.
The topology on
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a total paranorm.
= Of locally convex pseudometrizable TVS
=If
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
is TVS then the following are equivalent:
X
{\displaystyle X}
is locally convex and pseudometrizable.
X
{\displaystyle X}
has a countable neighborhood base at the origin consisting of convex sets.
The topology of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a countable family of (continuous) seminorms.
The topology of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by a countable increasing sequence of (continuous) seminorms
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
(increasing means that for all
i
,
{\displaystyle i,}
p
i
≥
p
i
+
1
.
{\displaystyle p_{i}\geq p_{i+1}.}
The topology of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is induced by an F-seminorm of the form:
p
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
−
n
arctan
p
n
(
x
)
{\displaystyle p(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }2^{-n}\operatorname {arctan} p_{n}(x)}
where
(
p
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left(p_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
are (continuous) seminorms on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
Quotients
Let
M
{\displaystyle M}
be a vector subspace of a topological vector space
(
X
,
τ
)
.
{\displaystyle (X,\tau ).}
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a pseudometrizable TVS then so is
X
/
M
.
{\displaystyle X/M.}
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a complete pseudometrizable TVS and
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a closed vector subspace of
X
{\displaystyle X}
then
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
is complete.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is metrizable TVS and
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a closed vector subspace of
X
{\displaystyle X}
then
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
is metrizable.
If
p
{\displaystyle p}
is an F-seminorm on
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
then the map
P
:
X
/
M
→
R
{\displaystyle P:X/M\to \mathbb {R} }
defined by
P
(
x
+
M
)
:=
inf
{
p
(
x
+
m
)
:
m
∈
M
}
{\displaystyle P(x+M):=\inf _{}\{p(x+m):m\in M\}}
is an F-seminorm on
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
that induces the usual quotient topology on
X
/
M
.
{\displaystyle X/M.}
If in addition
p
{\displaystyle p}
is an F-norm on
X
{\displaystyle X}
and if
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a closed vector subspace of
X
{\displaystyle X}
then
P
{\displaystyle P}
is an F-norm on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
Examples and sufficient conditions
Every seminormed space
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
is pseudometrizable with a canonical pseudometric given by
d
(
x
,
y
)
:=
p
(
x
−
y
)
{\displaystyle d(x,y):=p(x-y)}
for all
x
,
y
∈
X
.
{\displaystyle x,y\in X.}
.
If
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
is pseudometric TVS with a translation invariant pseudometric
d
,
{\displaystyle d,}
then
p
(
x
)
:=
d
(
x
,
0
)
{\displaystyle p(x):=d(x,0)}
defines a paranorm. However, if
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a translation invariant pseudometric on the vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
(without the addition condition that
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
is pseudometric TVS), then
d
{\displaystyle d}
need not be either an F-seminorm nor a paranorm.
If a TVS has a bounded neighborhood of the origin then it is pseudometrizable; the converse is in general false.
If a Hausdorff TVS has a bounded neighborhood of the origin then it is metrizable.
Suppose
X
{\displaystyle X}
is either a DF-space or an LM-space. If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a sequential space then it is either metrizable or else a Montel DF-space.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is Hausdorff locally convex TVS then
X
{\displaystyle X}
with the strong topology,
(
X
,
b
(
X
,
X
′
)
)
,
{\displaystyle \left(X,b\left(X,X^{\prime }\right)\right),}
is metrizable if and only if there exists a countable set
B
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}}
of bounded subsets of
X
{\displaystyle X}
such that every bounded subset of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is contained in some element of
B
.
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}.}
The strong dual space
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
of a metrizable locally convex space (such as a Fréchet space)
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a DF-space.
The strong dual of a DF-space is a Fréchet space.
The strong dual of a reflexive Fréchet space is a bornological space.
The strong bidual (that is, the strong dual space of the strong dual space) of a metrizable locally convex space is a Fréchet space.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a metrizable locally convex space then its strong dual
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
has one of the following properties, if and only if it has all of these properties: (1) bornological, (2) infrabarreled, (3) barreled.
= Normability
=A topological vector space is seminormable if and only if it has a convex bounded neighborhood of the origin.
Moreover, a TVS is normable if and only if it is Hausdorff and seminormable.
Every metrizable TVS on a finite-dimensional vector space is a normable locally convex complete TVS, being TVS-isomorphic to Euclidean space. Consequently, any metrizable TVS that is not normable must be infinite dimensional.
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a metrizable locally convex TVS that possess a countable fundamental system of bounded sets, then
M
{\displaystyle M}
is normable.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a Hausdorff locally convex space then the following are equivalent:
X
{\displaystyle X}
is normable.
X
{\displaystyle X}
has a (von Neumann) bounded neighborhood of the origin.
the strong dual space
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is normable.
and if this locally convex space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is also metrizable, then the following may be appended to this list:
the strong dual space of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is metrizable.
the strong dual space of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a Fréchet–Urysohn locally convex space.
In particular, if a metrizable locally convex space
X
{\displaystyle X}
(such as a Fréchet space) is not normable then its strong dual space
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
is not a Fréchet–Urysohn space and consequently, this complete Hausdorff locally convex space
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
is also neither metrizable nor normable.
Another consequence of this is that if
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a reflexive locally convex TVS whose strong dual
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
is metrizable then
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
is necessarily a reflexive Fréchet space,
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a DF-space, both
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
are necessarily complete Hausdorff ultrabornological distinguished webbed spaces, and moreover,
X
b
′
{\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}
is normable if and only if
X
{\displaystyle X}
is normable if and only if
X
{\displaystyle X}
is Fréchet–Urysohn if and only if
X
{\displaystyle X}
is metrizable. In particular, such a space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is either a Banach space or else it is not even a Fréchet–Urysohn space.
Metrically bounded sets and bounded sets
Suppose that
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
is a pseudometric space and
B
⊆
X
.
{\displaystyle B\subseteq X.}
The set
B
{\displaystyle B}
is metrically bounded or
d
{\displaystyle d}
-bounded if there exists a real number
R
>
0
{\displaystyle R>0}
such that
d
(
x
,
y
)
≤
R
{\displaystyle d(x,y)\leq R}
for all
x
,
y
∈
B
{\displaystyle x,y\in B}
;
the smallest such
R
{\displaystyle R}
is then called the diameter or
d
{\displaystyle d}
-diameter of
B
.
{\displaystyle B.}
If
B
{\displaystyle B}
is bounded in a pseudometrizable TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
then it is metrically bounded;
the converse is in general false but it is true for locally convex metrizable TVSs.
Properties of pseudometrizable TVS
Every metrizable locally convex TVS is a quasibarrelled space, bornological space, and a Mackey space.
Every complete pseudometrizable TVS is a barrelled space and a Baire space (and hence non-meager). However, there exist metrizable Baire spaces that are not complete.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a metrizable locally convex space, then the strong dual of
X
{\displaystyle X}
is bornological if and only if it is barreled, if and only if it is infrabarreled.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a complete pseudometrizable TVS and
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a closed vector subspace of
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
then
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
is complete.
The strong dual of a locally convex metrizable TVS is a webbed space.
If
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
and
(
X
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle (X,\nu )}
are complete metrizable TVSs (i.e. F-spaces) and if
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
is coarser than
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
then
τ
=
ν
{\displaystyle \tau =\nu }
; this is no longer guaranteed to be true if any one of these metrizable TVSs is not complete. Said differently, if
(
X
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}
and
(
X
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle (X,\nu )}
are both F-spaces but with different topologies, then neither one of
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
and
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
contains the other as a subset. One particular consequence of this is, for example, that if
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
is a Banach space and
(
X
,
q
)
{\displaystyle (X,q)}
is some other normed space whose norm-induced topology is finer than (or alternatively, is coarser than) that of
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
(i.e. if
p
≤
C
q
{\displaystyle p\leq Cq}
or if
q
≤
C
p
{\displaystyle q\leq Cp}
for some constant
C
>
0
{\displaystyle C>0}
), then the only way that
(
X
,
q
)
{\displaystyle (X,q)}
can be a Banach space (i.e. also be complete) is if these two norms
p
{\displaystyle p}
and
q
{\displaystyle q}
are equivalent; if they are not equivalent, then
(
X
,
q
)
{\displaystyle (X,q)}
can not be a Banach space.
As another consequence, if
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
is a Banach space and
(
X
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle (X,\nu )}
is a Fréchet space, then the map
p
:
(
X
,
ν
)
→
R
{\displaystyle p:(X,\nu )\to \mathbb {R} }
is continuous if and only if the Fréchet space
(
X
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle (X,\nu )}
is the TVS
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
(here, the Banach space
(
X
,
p
)
{\displaystyle (X,p)}
is being considered as a TVS, which means that its norm is "forgetten" but its topology is remembered).
A metrizable locally convex space is normable if and only if its strong dual space is a Fréchet–Urysohn locally convex space.
Any product of complete metrizable TVSs is a Baire space.
A product of metrizable TVSs is metrizable if and only if it all but at most countably many of these TVSs have dimension
0.
{\displaystyle 0.}
A product of pseudometrizable TVSs is pseudometrizable if and only if it all but at most countably many of these TVSs have the trivial topology.
Every complete pseudometrizable TVS is a barrelled space and a Baire space (and thus non-meager).
The dimension of a complete metrizable TVS is either finite or uncountable.
= Completeness
=Every topological vector space (and more generally, a topological group) has a canonical uniform structure, induced by its topology, which allows the notions of completeness and uniform continuity to be applied to it.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a metrizable TVS and
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a metric that defines
X
{\displaystyle X}
's topology, then its possible that
X
{\displaystyle X}
is complete as a TVS (i.e. relative to its uniformity) but the metric
d
{\displaystyle d}
is not a complete metric (such metrics exist even for
X
=
R
{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} }
).
Thus, if
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a TVS whose topology is induced by a pseudometric
d
,
{\displaystyle d,}
then the notion of completeness of
X
{\displaystyle X}
(as a TVS) and the notion of completeness of the pseudometric space
(
X
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (X,d)}
are not always equivalent.
The next theorem gives a condition for when they are equivalent:
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a closed vector subspace of a complete pseudometrizable TVS
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
then the quotient space
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
is complete.
If
M
{\displaystyle M}
is a complete vector subspace of a metrizable TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
and if the quotient space
X
/
M
{\displaystyle X/M}
is complete then so is
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is not complete then
M
:=
X
,
{\displaystyle M:=X,}
but not complete, vector subspace of
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
A Baire separable topological group is metrizable if and only if it is cosmic.
= Subsets and subsequences
=Let
M
{\displaystyle M}
be a separable locally convex metrizable topological vector space and let
C
{\displaystyle C}
be its completion. If
S
{\displaystyle S}
is a bounded subset of
C
{\displaystyle C}
then there exists a bounded subset
R
{\displaystyle R}
of
X
{\displaystyle X}
such that
S
⊆
cl
C
R
.
{\displaystyle S\subseteq \operatorname {cl} _{C}R.}
Every totally bounded subset of a locally convex metrizable TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
is contained in the closed convex balanced hull of some sequence in
X
{\displaystyle X}
that converges to
0.
{\displaystyle 0.}
In a pseudometrizable TVS, every bornivore is a neighborhood of the origin.
If
d
{\displaystyle d}
is a translation invariant metric on a vector space
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
then
d
(
n
x
,
0
)
≤
n
d
(
x
,
0
)
{\displaystyle d(nx,0)\leq nd(x,0)}
for all
x
∈
X
{\displaystyle x\in X}
and every positive integer
n
.
{\displaystyle n.}
If
(
x
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left(x_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
is a null sequence (that is, it converges to the origin) in a metrizable TVS then there exists a sequence
(
r
i
)
i
=
1
∞
{\displaystyle \left(r_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}
of positive real numbers diverging to
∞
{\displaystyle \infty }
such that
(
r
i
x
i
)
i
=
1
∞
→
0.
{\displaystyle \left(r_{i}x_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }\to 0.}
A subset of a complete metric space is closed if and only if it is complete. If a space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is not complete, then
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a closed subset of
X
{\displaystyle X}
that is not complete.
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a metrizable locally convex TVS then for every bounded subset
B
{\displaystyle B}
of
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
there exists a bounded disk
D
{\displaystyle D}
in
X
{\displaystyle X}
such that
B
⊆
X
D
,
{\displaystyle B\subseteq X_{D},}
and both
X
{\displaystyle X}
and the auxiliary normed space
X
D
{\displaystyle X_{D}}
induce the same subspace topology on
B
.
{\displaystyle B.}
Generalized series
As described in this article's section on generalized series, for any
I
{\displaystyle I}
-indexed family family
(
r
i
)
i
∈
I
{\displaystyle \left(r_{i}\right)_{i\in I}}
of vectors from a TVS
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
it is possible to define their sum
∑
i
∈
I
r
i
{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum \limits _{i\in I}r_{i}}
as the limit of the net of finite partial sums
F
∈
FiniteSubsets
(
I
)
↦
∑
i
∈
F
r
i
{\displaystyle F\in \operatorname {FiniteSubsets} (I)\mapsto \textstyle \sum \limits _{i\in F}r_{i}}
where the domain
FiniteSubsets
(
I
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {FiniteSubsets} (I)}
is directed by
⊆
.
{\displaystyle \,\subseteq .\,}
If
I
=
N
{\displaystyle I=\mathbb {N} }
and
X
=
R
,
{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} ,}
for instance, then the generalized series
∑
i
∈
N
r
i
{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum \limits _{i\in \mathbb {N} }r_{i}}
converges if and only if
∑
i
=
1
∞
r
i
{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{\infty }r_{i}}
converges unconditionally in the usual sense (which for real numbers, is equivalent to absolute convergence).
If a generalized series
∑
i
∈
I
r
i
{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum \limits _{i\in I}r_{i}}
converges in a metrizable TVS, then the set
{
i
∈
I
:
r
i
≠
0
}
{\displaystyle \left\{i\in I:r_{i}\neq 0\right\}}
is necessarily countable (that is, either finite or countably infinite);
in other words, all but at most countably many
r
i
{\displaystyle r_{i}}
will be zero and so this generalized series
∑
i
∈
I
r
i
=
∑
r
i
≠
0
i
∈
I
r
i
{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum \limits _{i\in I}r_{i}~=~\textstyle \sum \limits _{\stackrel {i\in I}{r_{i}\neq 0}}r_{i}}
is actually a sum of at most countably many non-zero terms.
= Linear maps
=If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a pseudometrizable TVS and
A
{\displaystyle A}
maps bounded subsets of
X
{\displaystyle X}
to bounded subsets of
Y
,
{\displaystyle Y,}
then
A
{\displaystyle A}
is continuous.
Discontinuous linear functionals exist on any infinite-dimensional pseudometrizable TVS. Thus, a pseudometrizable TVS is finite-dimensional if and only if its continuous dual space is equal to its algebraic dual space.
If
F
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle F:X\to Y}
is a linear map between TVSs and
X
{\displaystyle X}
is metrizable then the following are equivalent:
F
{\displaystyle F}
is continuous;
F
{\displaystyle F}
is a (locally) bounded map (that is,
F
{\displaystyle F}
maps (von Neumann) bounded subsets of
X
{\displaystyle X}
to bounded subsets of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
);
F
{\displaystyle F}
is sequentially continuous;
the image under
F
{\displaystyle F}
of every null sequence in
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a bounded set where by definition, a null sequence is a sequence that converges to the origin.
F
{\displaystyle F}
maps null sequences to null sequences;
Open and almost open maps
Theorem: If
X
{\displaystyle X}
is a complete pseudometrizable TVS,
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
is a Hausdorff TVS, and
T
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}
is a closed and almost open linear surjection, then
T
{\displaystyle T}
is an open map.
Theorem: If
T
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}
is a surjective linear operator from a locally convex space
X
{\displaystyle X}
onto a barrelled space
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
(e.g. every complete pseudometrizable space is barrelled) then
T
{\displaystyle T}
is almost open.
Theorem: If
T
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}
is a surjective linear operator from a TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
onto a Baire space
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
then
T
{\displaystyle T}
is almost open.
Theorem: Suppose
T
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}
is a continuous linear operator from a complete pseudometrizable TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
into a Hausdorff TVS
Y
.
{\displaystyle Y.}
If the image of
T
{\displaystyle T}
is non-meager in
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
then
T
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}
is a surjective open map and
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
is a complete metrizable space.
= Hahn-Banach extension property
=A vector subspace
M
{\displaystyle M}
of a TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
has the extension property if any continuous linear functional on
M
{\displaystyle M}
can be extended to a continuous linear functional on
X
.
{\displaystyle X.}
Say that a TVS
X
{\displaystyle X}
has the Hahn-Banach extension property (HBEP) if every vector subspace of
X
{\displaystyle X}
has the extension property.
The Hahn-Banach theorem guarantees that every Hausdorff locally convex space has the HBEP.
For complete metrizable TVSs there is a converse:
If a vector space
X
{\displaystyle X}
has uncountable dimension and if we endow it with the finest vector topology then this is a TVS with the HBEP that is neither locally convex or metrizable.
See also
Asymmetric norm – Generalization of the concept of a norm
Complete metric space – Metric geometry
Complete topological vector space – A TVS where points that get progressively closer to each other will always converge to a point
Equivalence of metrics – in mathematics, two metrics on the same underlying set are said to be equivalent if the resulting metric spaces share certain propertiesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
F-space – Topological vector space with a complete translation-invariant metric
Fréchet space – A locally convex topological vector space that is also a complete metric space
Generalised metric – Metric geometry
K-space (functional analysis)
Locally convex topological vector space – A vector space with a topology defined by convex open sets
Metric space – Mathematical space with a notion of distance
Pseudometric space – Generalization of metric spaces in mathematics
Relation of norms and metrics – Mathematical space with a notion of distancePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Seminorm – Mathematical function
Sublinear function – Type of function in linear algebra
Uniform space – Topological space with a notion of uniform properties
Ursescu theorem – Generalization of closed graph, open mapping, and uniform boundedness theorem
Notes
Proofs
References
Bibliography
Berberian, Sterling K. (1974). Lectures in Functional Analysis and Operator Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 15. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90081-0. OCLC 878109401.
Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987) [1981]. Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5. Éléments de mathématique. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-13627-4. OCLC 17499190.
Bourbaki, Nicolas (1950). "Sur certains espaces vectoriels topologiques". Annales de l'Institut Fourier (in French). 2: 5–16 (1951). doi:10.5802/aif.16. MR 0042609.
Edwards, Robert E. (1995). Functional Analysis: Theory and Applications. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68143-6. OCLC 30593138.
Grothendieck, Alexander (1973). Topological Vector Spaces. Translated by Chaljub, Orlando. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ISBN 978-0-677-30020-7. OCLC 886098.
Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
Khaleelulla, S. M. (1982). Counterexamples in Topological Vector Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 936. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-11565-6. OCLC 8588370.
Köthe, Gottfried (1983) [1969]. Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 159. Translated by Garling, D.J.H. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-64988-2. MR 0248498. OCLC 840293704.
Köthe, Gottfried (1979). Topological Vector Spaces II. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 237. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-90400-9. OCLC 180577972.
Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.
Robertson, Alex P.; Robertson, Wendy J. (1980). Topological Vector Spaces. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 53. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29882-7. OCLC 589250.
Schaefer, Helmut H.; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
Schechter, Eric (1996). Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-622760-4. OCLC 175294365.
Swartz, Charles (1992). An introduction to Functional Analysis. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8643-4. OCLC 24909067.
Trèves, François (2006) [1967]. Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.
Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC 849801114.
Husain, Taqdir (1978). Barrelledness in topological and ordered vector spaces. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-09096-7. OCLC 4493665.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Metrizable space
- Topological vector space
- Metrizable topological vector space
- Fréchet space
- Locally convex topological vector space
- Complete topological vector space
- Bounded set (topological vector space)
- Normed vector space
- Banach space
- Completely metrizable space
