• Source: Moraxella osloensis

Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.
Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.




Lifecycle


This bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.
In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode-infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment. The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region. Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria. The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire carcass and produce next-generation infective juveniles, which leave the carcass to seek a new host. The bacteria are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.




Biochemistry


The lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from M. osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.
The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of M. osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles. Tan and Grewal (2001) demonstrated that the 72-hour-old M. osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug. They further reported that M. osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified lipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.




Infections of humans


Although M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease. Antibiotics are usually effective against such infections.




Odor


Moraxella osloensis has been found to be responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odor.




Classification


The species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.




See also


List of restriction enzyme cutting sites




References


This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.




Further reading


Crawford RL, Hutton SW, Chapman PJ (1975). "Purification and properties of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Moraxella osloensis". Journal of Bacteriology. 121 (3): 794–9. doi:10.1128/jb.121.3.794-799.1975. PMC 246005. PMID 234947.
Tessler, M.; Dascal, A.; Gioseffini, S.; Miller, M.; Mendelson, J. (1992). "Growth curves of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Moraxella osloensis in propofol and other media". Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 39 (5 Pt 1): 509–11. doi:10.1007/BF03008718. PMID 1534525.
Feigin RD, San Joaquin V, Middelkamp JN (1969). "Septic arthritis due to Moraxella osloensis". The Journal of Pediatrics. 75 (1): 116–7. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80109-5. PMID 5790392.
Juni E (1974). "Simple genetic transformation assay for rapid diagnosis of Moraxella osloensis". Applied Microbiology. 27 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1128/am.27.1.16-24.1974. PMC 379961. PMID 4589126.
Shah, S. S.; Ruth, A.; Coffin, S. E. (2000). "Infection Due to Moraxella osloensis: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30 (1): 179–81. doi:10.1086/313595. JSTOR 4482139. PMID 10619749.
Vandamme, P.; Gillis, M.; Vancanneyt, M.; Hoste, B.; Kersters, K.; Falsen, E. (1993). "Moraxella lincolnii sp. nov., Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract, and Reevaluation of the Taxonomic Position of Moraxella osloensis". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 43 (3): 474–81. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-3-474. PMID 8347507.
Buchman, Alan L.; Pickett, M.John; Mann, Linda; Ament, Marvin E. (1993). "Central venous catheter infection caused by Moraxella osloensis in a patient receiving home parenteral nutrition". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 17 (2): 163–6. doi:10.1016/0732-8893(93)90028-6. PMID 8243038.




External links


Type strain of Moraxella osloensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Moraxella osloensis
• Moraxella
• Deroceras reticulatum
• Moraxella lincolnii
• Biological pest control
• Bacterial cellular morphologies
• Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
• List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: L–N