• Source: Nine-primaried oscine

The nine-primaried oscines is a group of bird families in the suborder Passeri (oscines) of the Passeriformes. The composition of the group has changed since the term was introduced but is now considered to consist of seven major families—Fringillidae, Emberizidae, Cardinalidae, Thraupidae, Passerellidae, Parulidae and Icteridae—plus some small families. When Fringillidae is omitted the remaining six families are referred to as the "New World" nine-primaried oscines.
The name of this group arises from the fact that all species within it have only nine easily visible primary feathers on each wing (in reality most, if not all, also have a tenth primary, but it is greatly reduced and largely concealed).




Wallace's classification


In 1874 the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace classified the passerines by the number of primary feathers and placed ten families in his nine-primaried group, the Tanagroid Passeres:

Motacillidae – wagtails and pipits
Mniotiltidae – New World warblers, now in Parulidae
Coerebidae – honeycreepers, now in Thraupidae
Drepanidae – Hawaiian honeycreepers, later Drepanididae, now in Fringillidae
Dicaeidae – flowerpeckers
Ampelidae – waxwings, now in Bombycillidae
Hirundinidae – swallows and martins
Tanagridae – tanagers, now in Thraupidae, and euphonias, now in Fringillidae
Fringillidae – finches, plus buntings, now in Emberizidae, and American sparrows, now in Passerellidae
Icteridae – grackles, New World blackbirds and orioles




Modern grouping


Six of Wallace's families are now included in the nine-primaried oscines: Mniotiltidae, Coerebidae, Drepanidae, Tanagridae, Fringillidae and Icteridae. The other four families are now known to be less closely related.
Although the New World nine-primaried oscines are most diverse in northern South America, they are widespread throughout the New World including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. They have also colonised the Galápagos (Darwin's finches) and the Tristan da Cunha group in the South Atlantic (Nesospiza and Rowettia in Thraupidae). Two families, the Emberizidae (buntings) and the Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings), have colonised the Old World.
The group without the Fringillidae, the New World nine-primaried oscines, is the superfamily Emberizoidea. The superfamily comprises some 870 species or 8% of all birds. It is divided into 16 families:

Fringillidae – 228 species: finches and euphonias
Rhodinocichlidae – rosy thrush-tanager
Calcariidae – 6 species: longspurs and snow buntings
Emberizidae – 44 species: buntings
Cardinalidae – 53 species: cardinals
Mitrospingidae – 4 species: mitrospingid tanagers
Thraupidae – 383 species: tanagers and allies
Passerellidae – 136 species: New World sparrows, bush tanagers
Parulidae – 119 species: New World warblers
Icteriidae – yellow-breasted chat
Icteridae – 109 species: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
Calyptophilidae – 2 species: chat-tanagers
Zeledoniidae – wrenthrush
Teretistridae – 2 species: Cuban warblers
Nesospingidae – Puerto Rican tanager
Spindalidae – 4 species: spindalises
Phaenicophilidae – 4 species: Hispaniolan tanagers




Notes






References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Nine-primaried oscine
• Emberizoidea
• Wrenthrush
• Olive warbler
• Passerida
• Passerculus
• Hawfinch
• Fringilla
• Icterid
• Serinus