• Source: Nonsteroidal estrogen

A nonsteroidal estrogen is an estrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure. The most well-known example is the stilbestrol estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). Although nonsteroidal estrogens formerly had an important place in medicine, they have gradually fallen out of favor following the discovery of toxicities associated with high-dose DES starting in the early 1970s, and are now almost never used. On the other hand, virtually all selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are nonsteroidal, with triphenylethylenes like tamoxifen and clomifene having been derived from DES, and these drugs remain widely used in medicine for the treatment of breast cancer among other indications. In addition to pharmaceutical drugs, many xenoestrogens, including phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, and synthetic endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A, are nonsteroidal substances with estrogenic activity.




Pharmacology


Nonsteroidal estrogens act as agonists of the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ.




List of nonsteroidal estrogens






= Synthetic

=



Pharmaceutical

Stilbestrols: benzestrol, bifluranol, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, dimestrol, fosfestrol, furostilbestrol, hexestrol, mestilbol, methestrol, pentafluranol, phenestrol, terfluranol, stilbestrol esters
Triphenylethylenes: chlorotrianisene, desmethylchlorotrianisene, estrobin (DBE), M2613, triphenylbromoethylene, triphenylchloroethylene, triphenyliodoethylene, triphenylmethylethylene
Secosteroids (open-ring steroids): allenestrol, allenolic acid, bisdehydrodoisynolic acid, carbestrol, doisynoestrol, doisynolic acid, fenestrel, methallenestril
Selective ERα or ERβ agonists: diarylpropionitrile, ERB-196, erteberel, FERb 033, GTx-758, prinaberel, propylpyrazoletriol, WAY-166818, WAY-214156
Others: 2,8-dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene (2,8-DHHHC), paroxypropione, quadrosilan, tetrahydrochrysene
SERMs like tamoxifen and raloxifene can also be considered to be nonsteroidal estrogens in some tissues.



Environmental

Synthetic xenoestrogens: alkylphenols, bisphenols (e.g., bisphenol A), parabens, phthalates, polyhalogenated compounds




= Natural

=
Metalloestrogens: cadmium, others
Mycoestrogens: taleranol (β-zearalanol), α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, zearalenone, zeranol (α-zearalanol)
Phytoestrogens: coumestrol, daidzein, deoxymiroestrol, equol, genistein, miroestrol, many others




See also


Selective estrogen receptor modulator
Nonsteroidal antiandrogen




References






Further reading


Hermkens PH, Kamp S, Lusher S, Veeneman GH (2006). "Non-steroidal steroid receptor modulators". IDrugs. 9 (7): 488–94. doi:10.2174/0929867053764671. PMID 16821162.
Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Coss CC, Hu K, He Y, Wu Z, Hong SS, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT (2010). "Estrogen receptor beta selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications". Expert Opin Ther Pat. 20 (4): 507–34. doi:10.1517/13543771003657164. PMID 20302450. S2CID 314347.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Sembap
• Antiandrogen
• Penghambat aromatase
• Steroid seks
• Kanker
• Nonsteroidal estrogen
• Nonsteroidal
• Diethylstilbestrol
• Equol
• Estrogen (medication)
• Selective androgen receptor modulator
• List of estrogen esters
• 2-Phenylindole
• Selective estrogen receptor modulator
• Stilbestrol