• Source: Not One Inch

Not One Inch: America, Russia, and the Making of Post-Cold War Stalemate is a 2021 book by M. E. Sarotte about the tensions between NATO, the United States, and Russia during the Post–Cold War.




Background


The title of the book comes from an offhand mention by Secretary of State James Baker in February 1990 during a pre-preliminary discussion of possible negotiation points, as summarized in a cable to the White House. However, this was rejected by President George H. W. Bush and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev showed no interest. The negotiations were primarily concerned with German unification and the dangers posed by co-locating NATO and Warsaw Pact forces in the same country without clear lines.
Gorbachev himself has been clear that no such promise was ever made; the negotiations were with the USSR as leader of the Warsaw Pact - entities that no longer exist and therefore would not have been binding for any former members; and the matter was settled in the NATO-Russia Founding Act of 1997, which specially declared all formerly affected countries had the freedom of self-determination in choosing alliances and international agreements.
Sarotte concludes and has repeatedly stated that no such promise was ever made, but was merely a minor discussion point that was quickly abandoned, as neither party was interested in further discussion of it. See also Sarotte in an interview, explaining the negotiations and the treaty [1].




Reception


Andrew Moravcsik reviewed the book for the Council on Foreign Relations and he said the book was "engaging" and a "carefully documented account" of the diplomacy in the Post-Cold War. He said Sarotte detailed how many Western leaders gave informal assurances that NATO would not expand. Russia perceived betrayal because there was never any formal agreement. Rodric Braithwaite reviewed the book for the Financial Times. He said the book had a "great narrative and analytical flair, admirable objectivity", he praised the details and said it was a riveting account of NATO enlargement.




References

• Source: Not one inch

Not one inch was Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin's campaign pledge in 1977 to not return an inch of territory without a peace agreement. By 1983, the phrase became the policy of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, and it took on a different meaning: the phrase meant that Israel would not cede any territory or land as a part of any compromise. The slogan has been in continuous use in Israel since 1977.




Background


The phrase can be traced back to Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin's campaign in 1977. The settlement movement embraced Begin's campaign pledge not to return an inch of territory without a peace agreement. After Begin won office, he returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in return for peace. The Israeli youth group Betar produced a button with the slogan "Not One Inch" prior to the Israel and Egypt peace Treaty.




History


Yitzhak Shamir held the office of Prime Minister of Israel 1983, 1984, and 1986–1992. Shamir's policy ("Not an inch") was a pledge not to cede territory to any other governments. In 1987, Shamir rejected the Peres–Hussein London Agreement, which would have returned much of the territory of West Bank and Gaza to Jordanian control. In 2004, the phrase was revived in The Economist in an article entitled, "No, not an inch". The question at that time was whether then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon should remove Israeli settlements from Gaza. In 2005, Sharon quit the Likud party over the "Not-one-inch" ideology, saying that it was impractical and harmful to Israel's interests.
In 2006, Israeli's elected Ehud Olmert Prime Minister and his election was seen as a rejection of the "not one inch" policy. Ehud Olmert was seen as the person most likely to end the occupation of Palestinian territory in the West Bank.
In 2019, the phrase was repeated in relation to Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Roger Cohen, writing an op-ed for The New York Times, said: "He is a true believer in Greater Israel, and will not give up one inch of the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River."




References

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