• Source: Ontology language

In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic.




Classification of ontology languages






= Classification by syntax

=



Traditional syntax ontology languages

Common Logic - and its dialects
CycL
DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)
F-Logic (Frame Logic)
FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
Ontolingua based on KIF
KL-ONE
KM programming language
LOOM (ontology)
OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)
OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity)
PLIB (Parts LIBrary)
RACER



Markup ontology languages

These languages use a markup scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with XML.

DAML+OIL
Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
RDF Schema (RDFS)
SHOE



Controlled natural languages

Attempto Controlled English



Open vocabulary natural languages

Executable English




= Classification by structure (logic type)

=



Frame-based

Three languages are completely or partially frame-based languages.

F-Logic
OKBC
KM



Description logic-based

Description logic provides an extension of frame languages, without going so far as to take the leap to first-order logic and support for arbitrary predicates.

KL-ONE
RACER
OWL.
Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of:

relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
relation types for relations between individuals
relation types for relations between individuals and classes
It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent.



First-order logic-based

Several ontology languages support expressions in first-order logic and allow general predicates.

Common Logic
CycL
FO-dot (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
KIF




See also


Domain theory
Formal concept analysis
Galois connection
Lattice (order)
Modeling language
OntoUML




Notes






References


Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages (2000)
Introduction to Description Logics – DL course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy

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