- Source: Oscillatory integral
In mathematical analysis an oscillatory integral is a type of distribution. Oscillatory integrals make many rigorous arguments that, on a naive level, appear to use divergent integrals. It is possible to represent approximate solution operators for many differential equations as oscillatory integrals.
Definition
An oscillatory integral
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
is written formally as
f
(
x
)
=
∫
e
i
ϕ
(
x
,
ξ
)
a
(
x
,
ξ
)
d
ξ
,
{\displaystyle f(x)=\int e^{i\phi (x,\xi )}\,a(x,\xi )\,\mathrm {d} \xi ,}
where
ϕ
(
x
,
ξ
)
{\displaystyle \phi (x,\xi )}
and
a
(
x
,
ξ
)
{\displaystyle a(x,\xi )}
are functions defined on
R
x
n
×
R
ξ
N
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{x}^{n}\times \mathrm {R} _{\xi }^{N}}
with the following properties:
The function
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is real-valued, positive-homogeneous of degree 1, and infinitely differentiable away from
{
ξ
=
0
}
{\displaystyle \{\xi =0\}}
. Also, we assume that
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
does not have any critical points on the support of
a
{\displaystyle a}
. Such a function,
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
is usually called a phase function. In some contexts more general functions are considered and still referred to as phase functions.
The function
a
{\displaystyle a}
belongs to one of the symbol classes
S
1
,
0
m
(
R
x
n
×
R
ξ
N
)
{\displaystyle S_{1,0}^{m}(\mathbb {R} _{x}^{n}\times \mathrm {R} _{\xi }^{N})}
for some
m
∈
R
{\displaystyle m\in \mathbb {R} }
. Intuitively, these symbol classes generalize the notion of positively homogeneous functions of degree
m
{\displaystyle m}
. As with the phase function
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
, in some cases the function
a
{\displaystyle a}
is taken to be in more general, or just different, classes.
When
m
<
−
N
{\displaystyle m<-N}
, the formal integral defining
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
converges for all
x
{\displaystyle x}
, and there is no need for any further discussion of the definition of
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
. However, when
m
≥
−
N
{\displaystyle m\geq -N}
, the oscillatory integral is still defined as a distribution on
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
, even though the integral may not converge. In this case the distribution
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
is defined by using the fact that
a
(
x
,
ξ
)
∈
S
1
,
0
m
(
R
x
n
×
R
ξ
N
)
{\displaystyle a(x,\xi )\in S_{1,0}^{m}(\mathbb {R} _{x}^{n}\times \mathrm {R} _{\xi }^{N})}
may be approximated by functions that have exponential decay in
ξ
{\displaystyle \xi }
. One possible way to do this is by setting
f
(
x
)
=
lim
ϵ
→
0
+
∫
e
i
ϕ
(
x
,
ξ
)
a
(
x
,
ξ
)
e
−
ϵ
|
ξ
|
2
/
2
d
ξ
,
{\displaystyle f(x)=\lim \limits _{\epsilon \to 0^{+}}\int e^{i\phi (x,\xi )}\,a(x,\xi )e^{-\epsilon |\xi |^{2}/2}\,\mathrm {d} \xi ,}
where the limit is taken in the sense of tempered distributions. Using integration by parts, it is possible to show that this limit is well defined, and that there exists a differential operator
L
{\displaystyle L}
such that the resulting distribution
f
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)}
acting on any
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
in the Schwartz space is given by
⟨
f
,
ψ
⟩
=
∫
e
i
ϕ
(
x
,
ξ
)
L
(
a
(
x
,
ξ
)
ψ
(
x
)
)
d
x
d
ξ
,
{\displaystyle \langle f,\psi \rangle =\int e^{i\phi (x,\xi )}L{\big (}a(x,\xi )\,\psi (x){\big )}\,\mathrm {d} x\,\mathrm {d} \xi ,}
where this integral converges absolutely. The operator
L
{\displaystyle L}
is not uniquely defined, but can be chosen in such a way that depends only on the phase function
ϕ
{\displaystyle \phi }
, the order
m
{\displaystyle m}
of the symbol
a
{\displaystyle a}
, and
N
{\displaystyle N}
. In fact, given any integer
M
{\displaystyle M}
, it is possible to find an operator
L
{\displaystyle L}
so that the integrand above is bounded by
C
(
1
+
|
ξ
|
)
−
M
{\displaystyle C(1+|\xi |)^{-M}}
for
|
ξ
|
{\displaystyle |\xi |}
sufficiently large. This is the main purpose of the definition of the symbol classes.
Examples
Many familiar distributions can be written as oscillatory integrals.
The Fourier inversion theorem implies that the delta function,
δ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \delta (x)}
is equal to
1
(
2
π
)
n
∫
R
n
e
i
x
⋅
ξ
d
ξ
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{ix\cdot \xi }\,\mathrm {d} \xi .}
If we apply the first method of defining this oscillatory integral from above, as well as the Fourier transform of the Gaussian, we obtain a well known sequence of functions which approximate the delta function:
δ
(
x
)
=
lim
ε
→
0
+
1
(
2
π
)
n
∫
R
n
e
i
x
⋅
ξ
e
−
ε
|
ξ
|
2
/
2
d
ξ
=
lim
ε
→
0
+
1
(
2
π
ε
)
n
e
−
|
x
|
2
/
(
2
ε
)
.
{\displaystyle \delta (x)=\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{ix\cdot \xi }e^{-\varepsilon |\xi |^{2}/2}\mathrm {d} \xi =\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0^{+}}{\frac {1}{({\sqrt {2\pi \varepsilon }})^{n}}}e^{-|x|^{2}/(2\varepsilon )}.}
An operator
L
{\displaystyle L}
in this case is given for example by
L
=
(
1
−
Δ
x
)
k
(
1
+
|
ξ
|
2
)
k
,
{\displaystyle L={\frac {(1-\Delta _{x})^{k}}{(1+|\xi |^{2})^{k}}},}
where
Δ
x
{\displaystyle \Delta _{x}}
is the Laplacian with respect to the
x
{\displaystyle x}
variables, and
k
{\displaystyle k}
is any integer greater than
(
n
−
1
)
/
2
{\displaystyle (n-1)/2}
. Indeed, with this
L
{\displaystyle L}
we have
⟨
δ
,
ψ
⟩
=
ψ
(
0
)
=
1
(
2
π
)
n
∫
R
n
e
i
x
⋅
ξ
L
(
ψ
)
(
x
,
ξ
)
d
ξ
d
x
,
{\displaystyle \langle \delta ,\psi \rangle =\psi (0)={\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{ix\cdot \xi }L(\psi )(x,\xi )\,\mathrm {d} \xi \,\mathrm {d} x,}
and this integral converges absolutely.
The Schwartz kernel of any differential operator can be written as an oscillatory integral. Indeed if
L
=
∑
|
α
|
≤
m
p
α
(
x
)
D
α
,
{\displaystyle L=\sum \limits _{|\alpha |\leq m}p_{\alpha }(x)D^{\alpha },}
where
D
α
=
∂
x
α
/
i
|
α
|
{\displaystyle D^{\alpha }=\partial _{x}^{\alpha }/i^{|\alpha |}}
, then the kernel of
L
{\displaystyle L}
is given by
1
(
2
π
)
n
∫
R
n
e
i
ξ
⋅
(
x
−
y
)
∑
|
α
|
≤
m
p
α
(
x
)
ξ
α
d
ξ
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{i\xi \cdot (x-y)}\sum \limits _{|\alpha |\leq m}p_{\alpha }(x)\,\xi ^{\alpha }\,\mathrm {d} \xi .}
Relation to Lagrangian distributions
Any Lagrangian distribution can be represented locally by oscillatory integrals, see Hörmander (1983). Conversely, any oscillatory integral is a Lagrangian distribution. This gives a precise description of the types of distributions which may be represented as oscillatory integrals.
See also
Riemann–Lebesgue lemma
van der Corput lemma
Oscillatory integral operator
References
Hörmander, Lars (1983), The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators IV, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-13829-3
Hörmander, Lars (1971), "Fourier integral operators I", Acta Math., 127: 79–183, doi:10.1007/bf02392052
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
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- Oscillatory integral
- Oscillatory integral operator
- Trigonometric integral
- List of Fourier analysis topics
- Dirac delta function
- Limit of distributions
- Fourier integral operator
- Terence Tao
- Microlocal analysis
- Pseudo-differential operator
