• Source: Outline of computing

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computing:
Computing – activity of using and improving computer hardware and computer software.




Branches of computing


Computer science (see also Outline of computer science)
Information technology – refers to the application (esp in businesses and other organisations) of computer science, that is, its use by mankind (see also Outline of information technology)
Information systems – refers to the study of the application of IT to business processes
Computer engineering (see also Outline of computer engineering)
Software engineering (see also Outline of software engineering)




Computer science


Computer science – (outline)

Computer science
Theory of computation
Scientific computing
Metacomputing
Autonomic computing




Computers



See information processor for a high-level block diagram.

Computer
Computer hardware
History of computing hardware
Processor design
Computer network
Computer performance by orders of magnitude




= Instruction-level taxonomies

=
After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:

designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster instructions: RISC as opposed to CISC
Superscalar instruction execution
VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit




Software



Software engineering
Computer programming
Computational
Software patent
Firmware
System software
Device drivers
Operating systems
Utilities
Application Software
Databases
Geographic information system
Spreadsheet
Word processor
Programming languages
interpreters
Compilers
Assemblers
Speech recognition
Speech synthesis




History of computing


History of computing
History of computing hardware from the tally stick to the quantum computer
History of computer science
History of computer animation
History of computer graphics
History of computer networking
History of computer vision
Punched card
Unit record equipment
IBM 700/7000 series
IBM 1400 series
IBM System/360
History of IBM magnetic disk drives




Business computing


Accounting software
Computer-aided design
Computer-aided manufacturing
Computer-aided dispatch
Customer relationship management
Data warehouse
Decision support system
Electronic data processing
Enterprise resource planning
Geographic information system
Hospital information system
Human resource management system
Management information system
Material requirements planning
Product Lifecycle Management
Strategic enterprise management
Supply chain management
Utility Computing




Human factors


Accessible computing
Computer-induced medical problems
Computer user satisfaction
Human-computer interaction (outline)
Human-centered computing




Computer network






= Wired and wireless computer network

=

Types
Wide area network
Metropolitan area network
City Area Network
Village Area Network
Local area network
Wireless local area network
Mesh networking
Collaborative workspace
Internet
Network management




= Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)

=
The main goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network.

Source coding
Codebook design for side information based transmission techniques such as Precoding
Wyner-Ziv coding for cooperative wireless communications
Security
Dirty paper coding for cooperative multiple antenna or user precoding
Intelligence
Game theory for wireless networking
Cognitive communications
Flexible sectorization, Beamforming and SDMA
Software
Software defined radio (SDR)
Programmable air-interface
Downloadable algorithm: e.g., downloadable codebook for Precoding




Computer security


Cryptology – cryptography – information theory
Cracking – demon dialing – Hacking – war dialing – war driving
Social engineering – Dumpster diving
Physical security – Black bag job
Computer security
Computer surveillance
Defensive programming
Malware
Security engineering




Data






= Numeric data

=
Integral data types – bit, byte, etc.
Real data types:
Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
Fixed point
Rational number
Decimal
Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
Biquinary-coded decimal
representation: Binary – Octal – Decimal – Hexadecimal (hex)
Computer mathematics – Computer numbering formats




= Character data

=
storage: Character – String – text
representation: ASCII – Unicode – Multibyte – EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) – FIELDATA – Baudot




= Other data topics

=
Data compression
Digital signal processing
Image processing
Data management
Routing
Data Protection Act




Classes of computers



There are several terms which describe classes, or categories, of computers:

Analog computer
Calculator
Desktop computer
Desktop replacement computer
Digital computer
Embedded computer
Home computer
Laptop
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
Personal computer
Portable computer
Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer)
Programmable logic controller or PLC
Server
Smartphone
Supercomputer
Tablet computer
Video game console
Workstation




Organizations






= Companies – current

=
Apple
Asus
Avaya
Dell
Fujitsu
Gateway Computers
Groupe Bull
HCL
Hewlett-Packard
Hitachi, Ltd.
Intel Corporation
IBM
Lenovo
Microsoft
NEC Corporation
Novell
Panasonic
Red Hat
Silicon Graphics
Sun Microsystems
Unisys




= Companies – historic

=
Acorn, bought by Olivetti
Amdahl Corporation, bought by Fujitsu
Bendix Corporation
Burroughs Corporation, merged with Sperry to become Unisys
Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
Control Data
Cray
Data General
Digital Equipment Corporation, bought by Compaq, later bought by Hewlett-Packard
Digital Research – produced system software for early Intel microprocessor-based computers
Elliott Brothers
English Electric Company
Ferranti
General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull
Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull
ICL
Leo
Lisp Machines, Inc.
Marconi
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems produced the first widely sold microcomputer system (kit and assembled)
Nixdorf Computer, bought by Siemens
Norsk Data
Olivetti
Osborne
Packard Bell
PERQ
Prime Computer
Raytheon
Royal McBee
RCA
Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
Siemens
Sinclair Research, created the ZX Spectrum, ZX80, and ZX81
Southweat Technical products Corporation produced microcomputers systems (kit and assembled), peripherals, and software based on Motorola 6800 and 6809 microcomputer chips
Sperry, which bought UNIVAC, and later merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
Symbolics
UNIVAC
Varian Data Machines, a division of Varian Associates which was bought by Sperry
Wang




= Professional organizations

=
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
British Computer Society (BCS)
Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
Computer Measurement Group (CMG)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
Institution of Electrical Engineers
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)




= Standards bodies

=

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)




= Open standards bodies

=
See also Open standard

Apdex Alliance – Application Performance Index
Application Response Measurement (ARM)




Computing publications


Digital Bibliography & Library Project – as of July 2007, lists over 910,000 bibliographic entries on computer science and several thousand links to the home pages of computer scientists.




Persons influential in computing


Major figures associated with making personal computers popular.

Microsoft
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
Apple Inc.
Steve Jobs
Steve Wozniak




External links



FOLDOC: the Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing

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